Term
| Where are proteins made inside the cell found? |
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Definition
1. embedded or attached to the plasma membrane
2. in the cell cytosol |
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Term
| In living organisms what kinds of reactions occur? |
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Definition
| thousands of enzyme catalyzed reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to the 3D shape of the proteins involved |
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Term
| What is the combination of all the reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions. Shape is very important. |
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Term
| What is an anabolic reaction and an example of it? |
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Definition
| Reactions build macromolecules. Building muscle mass |
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Term
| What is a catabolic reaction and an example of it? |
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Definition
| Reactions breakdown macromolecules. Loosing weight, not eating |
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Term
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Definition
| the flow of energy in biochemical systems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different forms of energy? |
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Definition
| heat, light, electrical, chemical |
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Term
| Where does heat come from and what is it used for? |
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Definition
| comes from chemical reactions and is used to maintain constant temperature in body |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy associated with motion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is potential energy? |
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Definition
| the energy of state or position |
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Term
| When an object starts moving what is released? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 1st law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| 1. Energy before and after transformation is equal (no energy is created or lost) 2. energy cannot be created or destroyed 3. energy can only be converted 4. we convert it to ATP to use for ourselves |
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Term
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| 1. After energy transformation the amount of energy available to do work is less 2. some energy will get lost when we transform it 3. amount of energy available is less |
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Term
| What happens with repeated energy transformations and where does this occur? |
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Definition
| usable energy decreases and unusable energy increases, occurs in closed systems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in a closed system? |
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Definition
| no energy or matter enters or leaves |
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Term
| What is quantity in terms of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is quality in terms of energy? |
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Definition
| it will be less and changed |
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Term
| What is an exergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| 1. spontaneous 2. energy is released as the reaction proceeds to form products 3. breakdown molecules, heat is released, dont need much energy 4. goes to completion over time without any energy input. It releases energy by breaking bonds |
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Term
| What is an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| 1. non-spontaneous 2. energy is needed to start the reaction |
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Term
| What happens in terms of energy every time a chemical bond is broken? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When is delta G negative? |
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Definition
| energy is released as the reaction proceeds to form products, exergonic reaction, G product < G reactant, if final product has less energy |
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Term
| What is a common example of an exergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| Cellular respiration: Glucose + O2 = 6CO2 + H2O + energy |
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Term
| When is delta G positive? |
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Definition
| endergonic reaction, G reactant < G product |
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Term
| What powers an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1. outcome 2. relates to delta G. This determines the direction but not the speed of the reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. speed 2. describes the rate of the reaction (how quick the reaction occurs) |
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Term
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Definition
| how much energy we put in or take out |
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Term
| What is activation energy? |
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Definition
| 1. push that both endergonic and exergonic reactions need to start 2. the minimum energy required to start a reaction 3. even though some reactions have negative delta G then cannot proceed without an aid |
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Term
| What can we manipulate in a reaction? |
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Definition
| We can manipulate the kinetics (speed) but not thermodynamics (outcome) |
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Term
| Is delta G outcome or speed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the rate of the reaction depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can we increase the reaction rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? |
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Definition
| by lowering activation energy |
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Term
| What are three ways to increase the rate of the reaction? |
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Definition
| 1. add heat 2. add reactant 3. activation energy |
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Term
| How do cells control the speed of reactions? |
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Definition
| by using protein catalysts called enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| enhance the speed of biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy but do not alter delta G |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein with a binding site capable of binding one or more substrate molecules, they are highly specific |
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Term
| What allows the binding of a substrate? |
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Definition
| chemical bonds allow binding of substrate due to interaction with active site |
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Term
| What are enzymes specific with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do enzymes change during a chemical reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do enzymes change delta G |
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Definition
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Term
| The fit of a substrate to the enzyme is highly specific based on what? |
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Definition
| shape, H-bonds, hydrophobic interactions |
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Term
| Where does an enzyme bind to a substrate? |
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Definition
| at the active site to form enzyme-substrate complex |
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Term
| What is hexokinase important for? |
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Definition
| enzyme for cellular respiration to occur |
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Term
| What is the lock and key theory? |
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Definition
| enzyme only works on specific substrate |
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Term
| Where is hexokinase found and what does it do? |
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Definition
| 1. found in human body 2. found in pancreas, liver, small intestine (all process sugar) 3. acts as a glucostat (measures sugar level at all times) 4. if your sugar is low it will increase activity 5. pancreas has alpha and beta cells 6. beta cells increase insulin 7. glycogen (macromolecule of sugar) synthesis in the liver (catabolic reaction) 8. anabolic 9. functions: release of insulin, synthesis of glycogen |
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Term
| What are optimal conditions for enzyme to function in cell? |
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Definition
| 1. pH (level of acidity) 2. temperature 3. substrate condition (the more substrates the faster the enzyme will be active) |
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Term
| Does every enzyme require the same pH to function? |
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Definition
| no, every enzyme requires a different pH to function |
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Term
| What is the ideal temp for enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when you heat up an enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when you cool an enzyme? |
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Definition
| it is temporarily damaged |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that allow the enzymes to function more efficiently/faster (nonorganic-metals) |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that interact with enzymes to function faster/more efficiently (organic) |
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Term
| What are prosthetic groups? |
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Definition
| permanently bound protein (metals) |
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Term
| List the three ways that enzymes can be inactivated |
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Definition
| 1. inhibitors (competitive or non competitive)- stop activity. Natural- already exist. Artificial- chemical, gas, acquired. 2. feedback loops 3. allosteric regulation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during irreversible inhibition? |
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Definition
| 1. chemical that is ingested or inhaled that damages an enzyme 2. look at example |
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Term
| What happens in reversible inhibition? |
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Definition
| 1. turn off but can be turned on and allow the enzyme to function again 2. inhibitor and substrate compete for same active site, whichever is faster will get it 3. the active site is not available for the inhibitor and substrate |
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Term
| What happens in feedback loop? |
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Definition
| 1. the production of the final product stops the reaction from recurring 2. normal process that occurs in our cells |
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Term
| Does regulation apply to enzymes only? |
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Definition
| no, it applies to any type of protein located in the cytosol or embedded within the membrane |
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Term
| Where does sickle cell anemia usually occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is hemoglobin found and what does it do? |
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Definition
| found in RBC and carries O2 to cells |
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Term
| What is sickle cell anemia caused from? |
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Definition
| Glutamic Acid (amino acid) (-) yields Valine (amino acid) (0) 1 change in amino acid changes the protein which causes it |
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Term
| What is FH and what does it cause? |
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Definition
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia. cholesterol remains in cell and cannot be taken to cells. Causes heart attack at young age because protein receptors (LDC) are dysfunctional |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. disease caused by mutation in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase in the liver. 2. very rare 1/12000 3. 451 amino acid enzyme 4. arginine 408 tryptophan 5. enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine. 6. disease is not very severe because they can find it in newborns 7. the tell them to stay away from foods with phenylalanine |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. antidepressant, serotonin uptake inhibitor 2. Fluoxetine Hydrochloride 3. (selective serotnin reuptake inhibitor) SSRI 4. depressed people do not have enough serotinin (neurotransmitter) 5. prozac adds selective serotinin reuptake inhibitor proteins to take serotonin away 6. This makes serotonin available for a longer period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. prevents dopamine uptake 2. stimulant and appetite suppresant 3. doppamine transporter protein (DAT) blocker 4. dopamine reuptake inhibitor 5. makes dopamine available for longer period of time in different areas of brain |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. competes with adenosine 2. caffeine in plants 3. CNS stimulated, cardiac stimulant 4. 200mg 5. increase alertness, wakefulness 6. restlessness, loss of motor control 7. does not eliminate the need for sleep, it minimizes sensation of being tired 8. adenosine receptor antagonist 9. increase dopamine activity 9. it acts on adenosine receptors (proteins), it inhibits them 10. gets adenosine to breakdown dopamine (neurotransmitter) and make it available for longer period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. death from muscle spasm 2. blocks ACh (acetylcholine) receptors 3. used as poison 4. used as a relaxant with anesthetic agents to minimize pain, muscle blocker so no reflexes 5. Anesthesia awareness- cannot move muscles but can still feel pain because there was not enough pain suppresant 5. blocks muscle activities 6. does not allow skeletal muscles to move |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why do the above listed enzymes affect the body? |
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Definition
| because 1 protein is inhibited or nonfunctional |
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Term
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Definition
| connection between both neurons |
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Term
| How do neurons communicate? |
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Definition
| by releasing neurotransmitters (chemicals) |
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Term
| What is a presynaptic neuron? |
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Definition
| synapse that releases neurotransmitter. Axon terminals. Vesicles filled with neurotransmitters |
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Term
| What is a postsynaptic neuron? |
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Definition
| synapse that receives neurotransmitter. dendrites |
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