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| Events that are similar are readily associated ( cars, trucks, automobiles.) |
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| Events that are opposite from each other are readily associated. ( fight or flight, black and white. Tall and short.) |
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| (Closeness) Events that occur in close proximity to each other in time and space are readily associated with each other. ( Ex. thunder and lightening.) |
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| Supplement to law of contiguity. The more often two events occur together the stronger the association. |
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| Aristoles Four Laws of Association are? |
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| Similarity, Contrast, Contiguity, Frequency. |
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Is a process in which one stimulus that does not elicit a response is associated with a second stimulus that does elicit a response: as a result the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response.
The behaviors involved are often what the average person regards as reflexive or involuntary. This when inborn behaviors come to be produced in new situations. It underlies many of our emotional responses and contributes to the development of our likes and dislikes. |
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| is a relatively simple, automatic response to a stimulus. |
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| A defensive reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus. Involves the automatic tightening of skeletal as well as various hormonal and internal organ (visceral) changes. |
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| in which we automatically position ourselves to facilitate attending to a stimulus. (Automatically turning in response to an unfamiliar noise behind us.) |
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| Protective response. Hand or foot jerks way from something hot or sharp. |
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| Is a neural structure that underlies many reflexes and consists of a sensory neuron, a interneuron, and a motor neuron. |
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| Is a decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. ( Subway sounds) |
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| Is an increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. ( Soldiers and gunfire) |
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| Low Intensity Stimulus goes with? |
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| High-intensity stimulus goes with? |
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Unconditioned stimulus.
Stimulus that naturally elicits a response |
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Unconditioned Response.
Response that is naturally elicited by the US ( innate and unlearned) |
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Conditioned Stimulus.
Although initially neutral comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Conditioned Response
is the response often similar to the UR that is elicited by the CS. |
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A theory proposing that an emotional event elicits two competing processes: (1) An a-process ( primary process) directly elicited by the event, and (2) b- process ( or opponent process) that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process.
Purpose is maintain a relatively balanced internal state known as homeostasis
Simpler terms accounts for why a strong emotional response is often followed by an opposite emotional response. ( fear and then elation after near death experience.) |
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WASP...Painful Sting.... Fear.
Wasp...fear.
What's NS..US..US. CS. AND CR |
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Wasp (NS)
Sting ( US)
Fear ( UR)
Wasp ( CS)
Fear (CR) |
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| The reappearance of habituated response following the presentation of a seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus |
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| Elimination or weakening of a learned, conditioned response by removal of the unconditioned stimulus when the conditioned stimulus is present |
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| Re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period |
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| The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus |
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| The ability to distinguish between different stimuli, tendency for a response to be elicited by one stimulus and not another (sometimes similar) stimulus |
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| Higher-Order Conditioning |
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A stimulus associated with one CS can also become a CS
This is often used is advertisements – product associated with having a good time (pop commercials)
The sight of the woman elicits a positive emotional response, then coke becomes associated with the same emotional response |
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The phenomenon whereby the most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS and thereby interferes with conditioning of the less salient member.
Ex. Band example: positive feelings associated with most salient member (lead singer), and not to other members |
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| The phenomenon whereby the presence of an established CS interferes with conditioning of a new CS. |
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| Systematic Desensitisation Technique |
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The technique was developed by Wolpe (1969)
And involves the following 4 stages:
Learning how to relax
Listening to all your fears
Constructing a hierarchy of threatening scenes.
Working through those scenes. |
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| in its purest form involves forced, prolonged exposure to the actual stimulus that provoked the original trauma. |
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Aversion therapy involves associating the unpleasant stimulus (alcohol) with something even more unpleasant (electric shock/sickness).
The patient should start to associate the unpleasantness of the shock/sickness with the alcohol and their desire should diminish.
Antiabuse and Alcoholics |
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Proposes that the US has a limited amount of associative value, and that this value is distributed among the available CSs
One assumption: stronger US is, more conditioning can occur. |
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| – learned association between a harmful stimulus and a neutral stimulus is overgeneralized (exaggerated to things that are not dangerous, often irrational |
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| What makes one more prone to phobias? |
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Observational learning – child didn’t develop fear of air raids in WWII unless mothers did
Temperament – individuals level of emotional stability and reactions to stimulation; withdrawn more easily conditioned then outgoing
Preparedness – and inate tendency to learn certain kinds of associations, genetically based; insects, animals
History of control – history of being able to control environment less likely to develop phobias, children of severe abuse |
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| In the S- R model of classical conditioning .... |
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| conditioning is viewed as a process of directly attaching a reflex response to a new stimulus |
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| In the S- S model of classical conditioning .... |
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| conditioning involves establishing a direct connection between a NS and a US |
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