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Lrn Behavior Modification
Test Number 1
38
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
09/13/2010

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Term
Similarity
Definition
Events that are similar are readily associated ( cars, trucks, automobiles.)
Term
Contrast
Definition
Events that are opposite from each other are readily associated. ( fight or flight, black and white. Tall and short.)
Term
Contiguity
Definition
(Closeness) Events that occur in close proximity to each other in time and space are readily associated with each other. ( Ex. thunder and lightening.)
Term
Frequency
Definition
Supplement to law of contiguity. The more often two events occur together the stronger the association.
Term
Aristoles Four Laws of Association are?
Definition
Similarity, Contrast, Contiguity, Frequency.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
Is a process in which one stimulus that does not elicit a response is associated with a second stimulus that does elicit a response: as a result the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response.
The behaviors involved are often what the average person regards as reflexive or involuntary. This when inborn behaviors come to be produced in new situations. It underlies many of our emotional responses and contributes to the development of our likes and dislikes.
Term
Reflex
Definition
is a relatively simple, automatic response to a stimulus.
Term
Startle Response
Definition
A defensive reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus. Involves the automatic tightening of skeletal as well as various hormonal and internal organ (visceral) changes.
Term
Orienting Response
Definition
in which we automatically position ourselves to facilitate attending to a stimulus. (Automatically turning in response to an unfamiliar noise behind us.)
Term
Flexion Response
Definition
Protective response. Hand or foot jerks way from something hot or sharp.
Term
Reflex Arc
Definition
Is a neural structure that underlies many reflexes and consists of a sensory neuron, a interneuron, and a motor neuron.
Term
Habituation
Definition
Is a decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. ( Subway sounds)
Term
Sensitization
Definition
Is an increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. ( Soldiers and gunfire)
Term
Low Intensity Stimulus goes with?
Definition
Habituation
Term
High-intensity stimulus goes with?
Definition
Sensitization.
Term
US
Definition
Unconditioned stimulus.

Stimulus that naturally elicits a response
Term
UR
Definition
Unconditioned Response.

Response that is naturally elicited by the US ( innate and unlearned)
Term
CS
Definition
Conditioned Stimulus.

Although initially neutral comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
Term
CR
Definition
Conditioned Response

is the response often similar to the UR that is elicited by the CS.
Term
Opponent-process theory
Definition
A theory proposing that an emotional event elicits two competing processes: (1) An a-process ( primary process) directly elicited by the event, and (2) b- process ( or opponent process) that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process.

Purpose is maintain a relatively balanced internal state known as homeostasis

Simpler terms accounts for why a strong emotional response is often followed by an opposite emotional response. ( fear and then elation after near death experience.)
Term
Conditioning Arrangement
Definition
NS....US...UR...CS..CR
Term
WASP...Painful Sting.... Fear.

Wasp...fear.


What's NS..US..US. CS. AND CR
Definition
Wasp (NS)
Sting ( US)
Fear ( UR)
Wasp ( CS)
Fear (CR)
Term
Dishabituation
Definition
The reappearance of habituated response following the presentation of a seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus
Term
Extinction
Definition
Elimination or weakening of a learned, conditioned response by removal of the unconditioned stimulus when the conditioned stimulus is present
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
Re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period
Term
Generalization
Definition
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus
Term
Discrimination
Definition
The ability to distinguish between different stimuli, tendency for a response to be elicited by one stimulus and not another (sometimes similar) stimulus
Term
Higher-Order Conditioning
Definition
A stimulus associated with one CS can also become a CS

This is often used is advertisements – product associated with having a good time (pop commercials)

The sight of the woman elicits a positive emotional response, then coke becomes associated with the same emotional response
Term
Overshadowing
Definition
The phenomenon whereby the most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS and thereby interferes with conditioning of the less salient member.

Ex. Band example: positive feelings associated with most salient member (lead singer), and not to other members
Term
Blocking
Definition
The phenomenon whereby the presence of an established CS interferes with conditioning of a new CS.
Term
Systematic Desensitisation Technique
Definition
The technique was developed by Wolpe (1969)
And involves the following 4 stages:

Learning how to relax
Listening to all your fears
Constructing a hierarchy of threatening scenes.
Working through those scenes.
Term
Flooding
Definition
in its purest form involves forced, prolonged exposure to the actual stimulus that provoked the original trauma.
Term
Aversion therapy
Definition
Aversion therapy involves associating the unpleasant stimulus (alcohol) with something even more unpleasant (electric shock/sickness).
The patient should start to associate the unpleasantness of the shock/sickness with the alcohol and their desire should diminish.

Antiabuse and Alcoholics
Term
Rescorla-Wagner model
Definition
Proposes that the US has a limited amount of associative value, and that this value is distributed among the available CSs

One assumption: stronger US is, more conditioning can occur.
Term
Phobias
Definition
– learned association between a harmful stimulus and a neutral stimulus is overgeneralized (exaggerated to things that are not dangerous, often irrational
Term
What makes one more prone to phobias?
Definition
Observational learning – child didn’t develop fear of air raids in WWII unless mothers did
Temperament – individuals level of emotional stability and reactions to stimulation; withdrawn more easily conditioned then outgoing

Preparedness – and inate tendency to learn certain kinds of associations, genetically based; insects, animals

History of control – history of being able to control environment less likely to develop phobias, children of severe abuse
Term
In the S- R model of classical conditioning ....
Definition
conditioning is viewed as a process of directly attaching a reflex response to a new stimulus
Term
In the S- S model of classical conditioning ....
Definition
conditioning involves establishing a direct connection between a NS and a US
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