Term
| Must Be True: Correct Answer Choice? |
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Definition
1. Paraphrased answers
2. Combination of some pars of the stimulus
-Can also look for contrapositive of conditional reasoning from the stimulus |
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Term
| Must Be True: Incorrect Answers to Avoid? |
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Definition
1. Could be or most likely true
2. Exaggerated answers
3. "New" information |
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Term
| Main Point: Correct Answer Choice? |
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Definition
1. Conclusion of the argument
-Can use the Why Test on premise |
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Term
| Main Point: Incorrect Answers to Avoid? |
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Definition
1. Premise of the argument
2. Beware of extreme language |
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Term
| Weaken: Correct Answer Choice? |
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Definition
1. Focus on the conclusion- majority of correct answers attack the conclusion
2. Common scenarios for easy attacks: incomplete information, improper comparison, qualified conclusion
3. In cases of Conditional Reasoning- weaken by showing that the Necessary Condition is not required by the Sufficient Condition |
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Term
| Weaken: Incorrect Answers to Avoid? |
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Definition
1. Opposite answers
2. Shell game- attacks a similar conclusion instead of the stimulus conclusion
3. Outside the scope |
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Term
| Strengthen: Correct Answer Choice? |
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Definition
1. Any support works- minor or major
2. Look for weaknesses that can be easily filled with an answer choice
3. In the case of analogies or surveys- correct answer choice tends to strengthen the examples given |
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Term
| Strengthen: Incorrect Answer Choice? |
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Definition
1. Shell game- supports a similar conclusion instead of the stimulus conclusion
2. Assumption of the conclusion |
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Term
| Justify the Conclusion: Correct Answer Choice? |
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Definition
1. Proves the conclusion 100% (ultra-strengthen questions)
-Use "Justify Formula" Premise + Answer Choice=Conclusion
-Solving Mechanistically: Link new elements (in conclusion not in the premise) and ignore common elements- elements in premise but not in conclusion tend to be in the correct answer |
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Term
| Assumption: Correct Answer Choice? |
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Definition
1. An assumption that makes the conclusion valid
2. "Supporter" assumption- fills a gap in the argument
3. "Defender" assumption- eliminates ideas that could weaken the argument
-Assumption Negation Technique- a)logically negate answer choice b) the negated choice that attacks the argument will be correct
-"At least 1/some" = usually correct answer |
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Term
| Assumption: Incorrect Answer Choice? |
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Definition
| 1. Avoid answers that claim the idea was the most important consideration for the author- "main factor/top priority" |
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Term
| Resolve the Paradox: Correct Answer Choice? |
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Definition
| 1. Answer allows both sides to be factually correct while resolving the paradox |
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Term
| Resolve the Paradox: Incorrect Answer Choice? |
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Definition
| 1. Answer only addresses one side of the argument |
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Term
| Method of Reasoning: Correct Answer Choice? |
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Definition
| 1. Essentially abstract MBT so answer choice must match part or all of the stimulus |
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Term
| Method of Reasoning: Incorrect Answer Choice? |
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Definition
1. "New" elements
2. Exaggerated answers
3. Opposite or Reversed answers |
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Term
| Flaw in the Reasoning: Correct Answers |
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Definition
1. Match elements in answer choices to argument
2. Usually addresses the assumption made |
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Term
| Parallel Reasoning: How to answer? |
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Definition
1. Diagram the argument if possible and match to answers
2. If a flawed argument, answer needs to be the same flaw type |
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Term
| Evaluate the Argument: How to check answer? |
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Definition
| Variance Test: supply two opposite responses to the question posed in answer choice and if the different responses create different effects on the conclusion, the answer is correct |
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Term
| Point at Issue: Correct Answer Choice? |
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Definition
| 1. Correct answer produces responses where one of the speakers would say "I agree" and the other would say "I disagree" |
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Term
| Point at Issue: Incorrect Answer Choice? |
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Definition
1. If a stimulus has an ethical issue, factual answers are incorrect and vice versa
2. Both would agree or disagree
3. View of a speaker is unknown |
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Term
| Principle MBT: How to answer? |
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Definition
1. Does the answer match the attributes of the principle in the stimulus?
-similar to reasoning questions |
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Term
| Principle Strengthen: How to answer? |
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Definition
1. "If this answer is true, does it support or prove the conclusion?"
2. Answer is the principle that justifies the conclusion |
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