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| "does not follow" the premise |
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| restates premise rather than giving reason for that premise |
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| attacks opponent on falsehoods or exagerations rather than defending the argument |
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| Attacks the person rather than dealing with the issue |
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| draws conclusions about an entire group based upon evidence too scant or insufficient |
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| cites an unrelated event which had occurred earlier as the cause of a current situation |
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| writer asserts that there are only two possibilities, when in reality there are more |
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| An irrelevant topic is introduced in order to divert attention from the original issue |
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| a series of steps between events are left out of an argument |
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