Term
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Definition
| Any defect in an argument which derives from elsewhere than the falsity of the premises. |
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Term
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| Defects related to the structure of an argument. Formal fallacies may only afflict deductive arguments. |
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Definition
| Defects related to the content of an argument. |
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Term
| Fallacies of Relevance (FOR) |
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Definition
| Contain info that bears no relevance to premises or conclusion of the argument. |
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Definition
| Using force to suppress evidence to win a debate |
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| Info that appeals to opponent's sympathy but has no bearing on conclusion. |
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| (FOR): Appeal to the people |
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Definition
| "Everyone is doing it so you should too." |
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| (FOR): Argumentum ad Hominem |
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Definition
| Critques the speaker instead of the speaker's argument. |
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| (FOR): Circumstantial Ad Hominem |
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| "His argument is false because he stands to benefit from the conclusion." |
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| (FOR): Tu Quoque, or You Too |
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Definition
| "You can't tell me not to smoke because you smoke." |
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Definition
| Feature which is accidental, non-essential, and relates from applying general rule to specific case. "You should always return borrowed property, so give that drunken sailor back his gun." |
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Definition
| Arguer distorts opponent's argument, destroys distorted version, claims to have won. |
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Definition
| Conclusion doesn't follow from premises. |
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Definition
| Arguer distracts evaluator with irrelevant information, leading him or her off the track. |
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Term
| Fallaces of Presumption (FOP): |
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Definition
| Premises already assume conclusion instead of proving it. |
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| (FOP): Begging the question |
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Definition
| A premise which should be there is left out. "Murder is illegal. Therefore, abortion should be illegal." |
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| Implies another statement. (e.g. How long have you been a prostitute?) |
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Definition
| Only offering two alternative, one of which the respondant is forced to choose. |
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| (FOP): Suppressed Evidence |
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Definition
| An argument ignores some piece of evidence that has bearing on the conclusion. |
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| Fallacies of Ambiguity (FOA) |
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Definition
| Rely on shifting meaning of a word or sentence. |
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Definition
| Arguer shifts meaning of words to change conclusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arguer misinterprets what someone else has said. (e.g. Prof will give lecture about heart failure in Biology lab. There must have been heart failures there). |
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Term
| Fallacies of Grammatical Analogy (FGA) |
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Definition
| Grammatically analogous to good arguments but are actually bad. |
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Definition
| Arguer takes attributes of the part and attributes them to the whole. |
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| Opposite of composition; assigning attributes of the whole to its parts. |
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| Fallacies of Weak Induction (FWI) |
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Definition
| Premises are irrelevant to conclusion, like FOR, but also because connection between premises and conclusion are not strong enough. |
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| (FWI): Appeal to Unqualified Authority |
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Definition
| Cited authority or witness lacks credibility. |
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| (FWI): Appeal to ignorance |
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Definition
| Argument makes a definite assertion about something that cannot be proven, or has not yet been proven. |
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| (FWI): Hasty Generalization |
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Definition
| Converse accident; applies evidence from specific case to a general rule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Link between premises and conclusion depnds on imagined causal connection that probably doesn't exist. (Successful businesspeople are paid $100,000. Therefore, Mr. Smith will become successful if you increase his salary). |
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Definition
| Variety of false cause; arguer uses insufficient evidence to allege that a chain reaction will occur. |
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Definition
| Analogy not relevant enough to support conclusion drawn. (Your car is red and has leather seats. My car is red. Therefore, my car probably has leather seats). |
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