Shared Flashcard Set

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Logical Fallacies
N/A
22
English
12th Grade
02/25/2009

Additional English Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
False dilemma
Definition
a limited number of options is given when in fact more exist.
“either you’re for me or against me”
Term
Argument from Ignorance
Definition
assumes that since something has not been proven false, it must be true.
“Since you cant prove ghosts don’t exist, they must exist”
Term
Slippery Slope
Definition
to show something is unacceptable, a sequence of increasingly unacceptable events is shown
Term
Complex Question
Definition
two unrelated points are combined and treated as one proposition.
“Do you support freedom and the right to bear arms?”
Term
Prejudicial Language
Definition
loaded or emotive terms are used to attach moral goodness or value to believing the proposition.
“A reasonable person would agree that we need worldwide healthcare.”
Term
Appeal to Popularity
Definition
something is considered true because a majority of people believe it.
“everyone knows that the earth is flat, so why do you say otherwise?”
Term
Attacking the Person
Definition
the person presenting the argument is attacked rather than the argument itself.
3 TYPES OF ABUSE: ABUSIVE, CIRCUMSTANTIAL, TU QUOQUE
“you say I shouldn’t drink, but you haven’t been sober for more than a year.
Term
Appeal to Authority
Definition
an inappropriate appeal or referral to an authoritative figure
“Noted psychologist Dr. Frasier Crane recommends you buy this hot tub.”
Term
Anonymous Authority
Definition
the authority in question is not named.
“Experts agree that this brand of clothing is the best”
Term
Style over Substance
Definition
the manner in which the argument is presented is taken to affect the likelihood that the conclusion is true.
“Trudeau knows how to move a crowd. He must be right.”
Term
Hasty Generalization
Definition
the size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion
“an Australian stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves.”
Term
False Analogy
Definition
an analogy fails when two objects are different in a way that affects whether they both contain the property they were said to have.
“employees are like nails. Just like nails must be hit on the head in order to make them work, so must employees.”
Term
Accident
Definition
a general rule is applied when it seems that an exception to the rule should apply.
“the law says don’t go over the speed limit. So, even though your dad couldn’t breathe, you should not have gone over the speed limit.”
Term
Converse Accident
Definition
an exception to a generalization is applied to cases where the generalization should apply.
“because we allow terminally ill patients to use heroin, everyone should be allowed.”
Term
Coincidental Correlation
Definition
occurs when it is assumed that because one thing follows another, the later thing occurred because of the former.
“I took this cold medicine, and two days later my cold disappeared.”
Term
Joint Effect
Definition
one thing is held to cause another when in fact both are caused by one underlying cause.
“you have a fever and this is causing you to break out in spots.” (both are actually caused by the measles.”
Term
Wrong Direction
Definition
The relation between cause and effect is reversed.
“cancer causes smoking.”
Term
Begging the Question
Definition
take for granted or assume the truth of the very thing being questioned.
“since I’m not lying, it follows that I’m telling the truth.”
Term
Equivocation
Definition
the same word is used with two different meanings.
“the sign said “fine for parking here” and since it was fine, I parked there.”
Term
Amphiboly
Definition
occurs when the construction of a sentence allows it to have two different meanings.
“last night I shot a burglar in my pajamas.” Lol
Term
Accent
Definition
Emphasis is used to suggest a different meaning from the actual content of the proposition.
“the first mate, seeking revenge on the captain, wrote in his journal, “the captain was sober today” (suggesting by emphasis that the captain is usually drunk)”
Term
Inconsistency
Definition
the author asserts more than one proposition such that the propositions cannot all be true.
“john is taller than jake, and jake is taller than fred, while fred is taller than john.”
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