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| A writer treats all members of a category as if they are equal when distinctions exist. |
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| Americans are pretty lousy at learning languages. |
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| Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc |
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" After this, therefore because of this"
Writer argues that something that follows an event is caused by the event. |
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| Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc |
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A rooster always crows prior to sunrise, so the sunrise is caused by the rooster's crow.
The stock market caused the Depression, bacuse right after the stock market crashed, the Depression began. |
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"To the man"
An attack(insulting or not) on the man rather than the issue. |
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| "You feel that abortion should be illegal, but I disagree because you are uneducated and poor." |
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| An argument that diverts attention from the real issues. |
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| Baseball player [] just retired. Clearly, he deserves to be in the Hall of Fame. After all, he's such a nice guy, and he gives a lot of money to all sorts of charities. |
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| When a comparison is too great a stretch to be believable, so it is faulty. |
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| "Doctors are allowed to look up difficult diagnoses in their medical textbooks, so students should be able to look up tough test questions in their texts." |
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| Diliberately ambiguous; purposely misleading; have multiple meanings |
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| I live by the river; drop in some time. |
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| Hypothesis Contrary to the Fact |
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Definition
Children inherit from their ancestors criminal tendencies that rule their lives.
n this country citizens are permitted to own guns. Therefore, if guns were outlawed, citizens would be unable to protect themselves and there would be an uncontrollable crime wave |
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| Hypothesis Contrary to the Fact |
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Definition
| Beginning with a premise that is not neccessarily believable or true. From a statement of fact, the argument draws a counterfactual claim (i.e. a claim about what would have been true if the stated fact were not true). The argument falsely assumes that any state of affairs can have only one possible cause. |
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Drawing a conclusion or inference that does not follow from the premises or from the preceding arguments.
"It does not follow" |
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| "Tens of thousands of Americans have seen lights in the night sky which they could not identify. The existence of life on other planets is fast becoming certainty!" |
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