Term
|
Definition
| Why one should or should not believe/ do or not do something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A good reason to accept or reject some argument |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any verbal or written attempt to persuade someone to believe, desire or do something that does not attempt to give good reasons for the belief, desire, or action, but attempts to motivate that belief, desire or action solely through the power of the words used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(by argument) an attempt to provide you with reasons for believing a claim, desiring something or doing something
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of propositions of which one is a conclusion and the remainder are premises, intended as support for the conclusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To say that a claim is true is to say that what is claimed is how things actually are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The primary claim, the one we are trying to get others to accept |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the supporting claims, the ones intended to give us reason for accepting the conclusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the argument that is not part of the propositional content; it is emotive or otherwise suggestive window-dressing surrounding the proposition, which may be used to persuade us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meaning, which is not stated, but which one can reasonably take to be intended, given the context in which the sentence is written or uttered. Cannot typically be interpreted according to conventions covering our ordinary use of the words in the sentence used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the circumstances in which the passage or speech appeared or took place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chains of arguments using conclusions as premises |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| words that introduce or frame the conclusion and premises |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : a writer or speaker expresses her conclusion directly and more or less clearly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are only implied or suggested by the actual text or speech content, not explicitly expressed by it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
words that indicate the presence of premises
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the speaker assumes that his or her audience already accepts the proposition/ conclusion is true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the speaker does not assume that his or her audience already accepts the propositions and attempts to provide reasons for doing so |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we want the person to give us an argument for why the actions is reasonable or acceptable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A conclusion that serves as a premise for another argument→extended arguments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a sentence, in a given context, where there is more than one possible way of interpreting it
Lexical: the specific, individual word is ambiguous
Syntactic: the arrangement of the words is ambiguous
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : a feature of a word’s meaning-the meaning is indefinite or uncertain as to what is conveyed-different people have different definitions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
: the range of things to which a word applies
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the accepted characteristics to which a word applies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : The further characteristics to which a word applies |
|
|
Term
| Metaphorical Uses of Language |
|
Definition
| metaphors bring only the secondary connotation of a word into play |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take the form of a question but indirectly assert a proposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cases that we use to challenge the truth of a generalizing claim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a statement about a category of things
hard: intends to apply without exception
soft: statement that normally/typically, generally, usually, on average, for the
most part, applies
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the representation of arguments in standard form, so as to give us a clear and comprehensive view of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the determination of whether or not arguments provide good reasons for accepting their conclusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to say than an argument is valid is to say that it would be impossible for all the premises of the argument to be true, but the conclusion false
and also—to say than an argument is valid is to say that if the premises are (or were) true, the conclusion would also have to be true |
|
|
Term
| Whether or not they are actually true, suppose or pretend that the premises were all true; then in that situation—aside from how things actually are—could the conclusion conceivably be false? If it could not be false, then the argument is valid. If it could be false then the argument is invalid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the systematic study of validity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A statement in which there is one clause dependent upon another clause, usually best expressed in the if-then form
Antecedent: the ‘if’ clause
Consequent: the ‘then’ clause
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To say than an argument is deductively sound is to say that the argument is valid and all its premises are (actually) true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an argument that has one ore more false premises or is invalid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a device that can be used for representing arguments in the form of a diagram |
|
|
