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| If P, then Q; Not Q---not P |
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| If P, then Q; If Q, then R---If P, then R |
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| If P, then Q---If not Q, then not P |
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| All A are B; No B are C---No C are A |
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| In deductive arguments, If the premises are true, the conclusion follows necessarily, based on form |
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| In deductive arguments, Iff it is valid and all of its premised are true |
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| 1. rose 1 blooms in spring 2. rose 2 blooms in spring (etc)--all roses bloom in spring. Incidences of some class having a certain thing, thus all things in this class has this |
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| 1. most As are Bs; 2. H is an A---3. H is a B. Generalization --> specific thing |
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| 1 or more premises are offered to support the hypothesis that a certain event is causally related to another event |
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| 1. m is A,B and C. 2. j is A, B and C. 3. s is A, B and C. 4. p is A and B; therefore 5. P is C |
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| In inductive arguments, iff its form is such that, if its premises were true, it would be reasonable to accept its conclusion as true |
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| in inductive arguments, it has a reliable form and its premises are true |
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| What two characteristics do inductive arguments have? |
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| What two characteristics do deductive arguments have? |
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| In enumerative induction: too few examples, or the sample is not representative of the population |
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| An analogy must make reasonable that the things alleged to be alike in the premises are in fact analogous in ways relevant to its conclusion |
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| 1. penguins + pigeons have beaks; 2. pigeons fly. Therefore 3. penguins fly |
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| Post hoc ergo propter hoc |
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| After this, therefore because of this. (clock, shift-change) |
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| What is not the cause is mistaken for the cause. (Dog barks, wife is annoyed) |
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