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Logic Ch1&2
Entire Terminology and Examples
36
Philosophy
Undergraduate 1
09/20/2013

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Cards

Term
Premise
Definition
Statement provides the reason for evidence
Term
Conclusion
Definition
Statement that the evidence claims to support or imply.
Term
Conclusion Indicators
Definition
Therefore,
Wherefore,
Thus,
Consequently,
We may infer,
Accordingly,
We may conclude,
It must be that,
for this reason,
so,
entails that,
hence,
it follows that,
as a result of.
Term
Premise Indicators
Definition
Since,
as indicated by,
because,
for, in that,
as,
given that,
may be inferred from,
seeing that,
owing to,
in as much as,
for the reason that.
Term
Inference
Definition
is the reasoning process expressed by an argument.
Term
Proposition
Definition
is the meaning or the information content of a statement.
Term
Syllogistic logic
Definition
Type of logic in which the "fundamental elements" are terms, and arguments are evaluated as good or bad depending on how the terms are arranged.
Term
Modal Logic
Definition
this is a logic that involves concepts as possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt.
Term
What are the two conditions in which determine whether something is being proven?
Definition
At least one statement must claim to represent evidence or reason.
AND
There must be a claim that the illeged evidence/reason supports/implies something.
Term
Non-arguments are....
Definition
Warnings,
Advice,
Statements of beliefs or opinions,
Loosely associated statements,
Reports
Term
Expository Passage when there is ___ v.s. ____
Definition
Proof v.s. Elaboration
Term
Illustrations do what?
Definition
Aid in understanding
Term
Explanations are ___ vs ___
Definition
Why VS Is

Why something is the case VS that something is the case.
Term
Explandom is a...
Definition
Statement that describes the event or phenomenon to be explained
Term
Explanans is a...
Definition
statement or group of statements that aim to explain
Term
Definiens are what?
Definition
is doing work of defining
Term
Definiendum is what?
Definition
is what is being defined.
Term
Conditional Statement is an...
Definition
If...then... statement
Term
Antecedent is a
Definition
component statement that comes after "if."
Term
Consequent is a
Definition
component statement that comes after "then."
Term
Single Conditional Statement is not an...
Definition
ARGUMENT, it is hypothetical
Term
Conditional Statement may serve as either the...
Definition
premise or the conclusion
Term
Non-inferential Passages are
Definition
are the same as non-arguments which are...

warnings, piece of advice, belief, opinions, reports, or loosely associated statements.
Term
Deductive
Definition
is the claim that it's IMPOSSIBLE for a conclusion to be false, given that the Premise is true.

Tell the difference: All
Term
Inductive
Definition
is NECESSARY REASONING. The reasoning of PROBABILITY. If the P's are true, the conclusion is PROBABLY true.

Tell the difference: Vast Majority
Term
Invalid Deductive Argument is when
Definition
it is possible for the conclusion to be false, give that the P's are true.

EX: p1 All automakers are computer manufacturers.
p2 United airlines is an automaker
C: therefore, united airlines is a computer manufacturer.
Term
Valid Deductive Arg is when
Definition
It is IMPOSSIBLE for the conclusion to be false, given that the P's are true.

EX: P1 All television networks are media companies
p2 NBC is a television network
C: Therefore, NBC is a media company.
Term
Sound Argument is a
Definition
deductive argument that is VALID with true premisies
Term
Unsound Argument is a
Definition
deductive argument that is INVALID, has one or more false premises.
Term
Inductive Strong Argument
Definition
Inductive arguments where it is IMPROBABLE that the conclusion is false, given that the P's are true.

pg 48 for example
Term
Difference between Inductive and Strong Inductive arguments are...
Definition
Inductive argument is when the author CLAIMS improbable.

A String Inductive Argument is when the author is right about that claim.
Term
Weak Inductive Argument is when
Definition
when the premise claims that it is probable, but the conclusion is not probable.
Term
Which one is a Weak Inductive Argument?

A: A few US presidents were lawyers. Therefore, probably the next US president will be older than 40.

B. All previous US presidents were older than 40. Therefore, probably the next US president will be older than 40.

Why is __ a weak inductive argument?
Definition
A. A few US presidents were lawyers. Therefore, probably the next US president will be older than 40.

Because "a few" isn't much of a pattern and therefore, there is no pattern that gives the probability that the next US president will be over 40.
Term
Cogent Argument is
Definition
A strong inductive argument that has all true premises that meet the "Total Evidence Requirement".

Cogent+Strong= All True Premises.
Term
Total Evidence Requirement
Definition
All premises must be true but may not overlook important facts that require a change in the conclusion.
Term
Un-cogent Argument is
Definition
A weak inductive argument that has false premises and does not meet the Total evidence requirement.
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