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| A set of statements where some of them are intended to support another. |
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| The study of methods for evaluating whether the premises of an argument adequately support (or provide good evidence for) its conclusion |
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| The claim to be supported |
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| Te statement offered in support of the conclusion |
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| One in which the premises are intended to GUARANTEE the conclusionc |
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| Argument in which the premises are intended to make the conclusion PROBABLE, but not guaranteed |
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| A declarative sentence that is either true or false. Arguments are made of these. |
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- COMMAND: can be obeyed or disobeyed, but not true/false. "Get your dog off of my lawn!"
- QUESTION: Can be answered or unanswered, but "": "How many dogs do you own?"
- PROPOSAL: Can be accepted or rejected, but "": "Let's get a dog." |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of methods for evaluating whether a premises of an argument guarantee its conclusion |
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| The study of methods for evaluating whether the premises of an argument make its conclusion PROBABLE, not guaranteed. |
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| A deductive argument in which the premises succeed in guaranteeing the conclusion |
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| one in which the premises fail in guaranteeing the conclusion |
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Term
| "Validity preserves truth" means: |
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| If the premises are true and they are reasoned validly, the conclusion must be true. |
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| "validity does NOT preserve falsehood" means: |
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| If part of the premises are false, then the conclusion could be either true or false. |
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| Valid argument in which all the premises are true. |
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"The mode or way of positioning" - The second premise posits or affirms the "if" part of the first.
If A, then B.
A.
So, B. |
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Term
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Definition
| An argument that results from uniformly replacing the variables in that form with the statements (or terms) |
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Term
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| One in which every substitution instance is a valid argument. |
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| One that is valid in virtue of its form, which means it is automatically valid because of its structure. |
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| Something that MUST be true no matter what. |
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| Example of a not formally valid argument: |
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Definition
"All philosophers are nerds. So, no squares are circles."
The conclusion is true because it is a necessary truth. Thus, because validity preserves truth and the conclusion is true, it is a valid argument, despite its form. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The if-clause without actually including the word "if" (but everything that comes after it; the meat of the clause) |
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Term
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Definition
| The then-clause without actually including the word "if" (but everything that comes after it; the meat of the clause) |
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Term
| "conditionals are hypothetic in nature" means: |
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Definition
| Neither the if or then-clauses have to be true, but if the if-clause is true, the then-clause will be at that time as well. |
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| Alternate ways of saying the same thing. |
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Term
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"The mode or way of removing". Negates the then-clause of the previous conditional statement, thus disproving the if-clause.
If A, then B.
Not B.
So, not A. |
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Term
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Definition
Involves only hypothetical statements that are put together to develop an overall conclusion.
If A, then B.
If B, then C.
So, if A, then C. |
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Term
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Definition
Either A or B.
Not A.
So, B.
OR
Either A or B.
Not B.
So, A. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parts of disjunctive syllogism "Either A" |
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Term
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Definition
| Either A or B (or both). Unless specified, we will assume that most disjunctive syllogism is meant in the inclusive sense. |
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Term
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Definition
| Either A or B (but NOT both) |
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| Not disjunctive syllogism, but similar: |
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Definition
Either A or B.
NOT BOTH A AND B.
A.
So, not B.
Still valid though. |
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Term
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Definition
Combines both conditional and disjunctive statements.
Either A or B.
If A, then C.
If B, then D.
Either C or D.
ARGUMENTS IN THIS FORM ARE ALWAYS VALID. |
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Judgement of validity based off of whether or not an argument matches a famous valid form.
NOT ALL ARGUMENTS WORK WITH THIS METHOD. |
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| Fallacy of denying the antecedent. |
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| If A, then B. Not A. So, not B. |
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Subsitution instance in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false.
The more obvious the conclusion is false, the more effective it will be. |
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| Fallacy of affirming the consequent |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A word/phrase that stands for a class of things. |
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