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Logic Altrichter
Final
85
Philosophy
Undergraduate 3
02/25/2009
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Term

 

 

 

Logic

 

 Definition

 

 

 

 

organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments
Term
Argument
Definition

 Group or set of statements (the premises) one of which is claimed to be supported or proven the others (the conclusion)
Term
Statement
 Definition
either true or false, but not both
Term
Truth Value
Definition
Truth and falsity are two possible – The attribute by which a statement is either true or false
Term
Premise
Definition
A statement in an argument that sets forth evidence
Term
Conclusion
 Definition
The statement of an argument that the premises are claimed to support
Term
Premise indicators
Definition
Since, in that, seeing that, as, for, because, given that, owing to, as indicated by, in as much as
Term
Conclusion indicators
Definition
therefore, accordingly, entails that, wherefore, we may conclude, hence, thus, it must be that, it follows that, so
Term
Inference
 Definition

[strict sense] the reasoning process to produce an argument

[loose sense] same as an argument
Term
Proposition
 Definition

[strict sense] the meaning of a declarative sentence

[loose sense] same as a statement
Term
Warning and piece of advice
 Definition
form of expression that is intended to put someone on guard against a dangerous  or detrimental situation – makes a recommendation
Term
Statement of belief / opinion (S.O.B.)
Definition
an expression about what someone happens to believe or think about something
Term
Loosely associated statements
 Definition
May be about same general subject, but they lack a claim that one of them is proved by the others.
Term
Report
 Definition
group of statements that convey information about some topic or event
Term
Expository passage
 Definition
Kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence
Term
Illustration
 Definition
expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done
Term
Explanation
 Definition
expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon
Term
Conditional statement
Definition
“If ____then____”
Term
Deductive argument
Definition
iff the conclusion is claimed to follow from Premises with logical necessity
Term
Inductive argument
Definition
iff the conclusion is claimed to follow from the Premises with some logical probability
Term
Argument based on mathematics
 Definition
Deductive argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement
Term
Argument from definition
 Definition
A deductive argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion
Term
Categorical Syllogism
Definition
All, some, no…
Term
Hypothetical Syllogism
Definition

P1: If p, then q

P2: If q, then r

C: If p, then r
Term
Modus Pones
 Definition

P1: If p, then q

P2: p

C: q
Term

Modus Tollens

 Definition

P1: If p, then q

P2: not q

C: not p
Term
Denying the Antecedent (Bad Arguemnt)
 Definition

P1: If p, then q

P2: not p

C: not q
Term
Affirming the Consequent (Bad Argument)
 Definition

P1: if p, then q

P2: q

C: p
Term
Disjunctive Syllogism
 Definition

P1: [Either p or q] [Either p or q]

P2: [Not p] [Not q]

C:[q] [p]

 

Either it [rains] or [God exists]

rains and God exists are disjuncts [T or F]

Disjunctive statement (disjunction)

 
Term
Constructive Dilemma
 Definition

P1: If p, then q

P2: If r, then s

P3: Either p or  r

C: Either q or s
Term
Destructive Dilemma
 Definition

P1: If p, then q

P2: If r, then s

P3: Either not q or not s

C: Either not p or not r
Term
Prediction
 Definition
An inductive argument that proceeds from knowledge of some event in the relative past to a claim about some other event in the relative future
Term
Argument from analogy
 Definition
An inductive argument that depends on the existence of a similarity between two things or states of affairs
Term
Inductive Generalization
 Definition
Inductive argument that proceeds from knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group
Term
Argument from authority
 Definition

Inductive argument in which the conclusion rests on a statement made by some presumed authority or witness
Term
Argument based on signs
 Definition
Inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes
Term
Casual inference
 Definition
Inductive inference that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, or from knowledge of an effect to a claim about a cause
Term
Valid deductive argument
 Definition

An argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are ture
Term
Invalid deductive argument
 Definition

A deductive argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are ture
Term
Sound argument
 Definition
A deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises
Term
Strong Inductive argument
 Definition
A inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true
Term
Weak inductive argument
 Definition
A inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises even though it is claimed to do so
Term
Cogent argument
 Definition

An inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises
Term
Argument form
 Definition

P1:

P2:

C:
Term

Substitution instance

 Definition
An argument or statement that has the same form as a given argument form or statement form
Term
Counterexample
 Definition
a substitution instance having true premises and false conclusion
Term
Not____
 Definition
Negation: ~
Term
It Is Flase That _____
 Definition
Negation: ~
Term
It is not ture that _____
 Definition
Negation: ~
Term
It is not the case that _____
 Definition
Negation: ~
Term

___ And ___

 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term

Both ___ and ___

 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ But ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ However ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ Nevertheless ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ Still ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ But still ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ Although ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ Even Though ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ Also ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
Not only ___ but also ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ Yet ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ Whereas ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term

___ Moreover ___

 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ As well as ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ Besides ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ On the other hand ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ While ___
 Definition
Conjunction: ___ . ___
Term
___ or ___
 Definition
Disjunction: ___ v ___
Term
Either ___ or ___
 Definition
Disjunction: ___ v ___
Term
___ or else ___
 Definition
Disjunction: ___ v ___
Term
___ Alternatively ___
 Definition
Disjunction: ___ v ___
Term
If____then____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

a.
Term
____Only If____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

a.
Term
____Implies That____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

a.
Term
____Entails That____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

a.
Term
____Is A Sufficient Condition For____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

a.
Term
____If____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

b.
Term
____In Case That____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

b.
Term
____Provided That____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

b.
Term
____Given That____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

b.
Term
____On The Condition That____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

b.
Term
____Is A Necessary Condition That____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

b.
Term
____Whenever____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

b.
Term
____As Long As____
 Definition

Conditional: ____ ) ____

b.
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