Term
| Explanation (explanans & explanadum) |
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Definition
An expression that claims to shed light on some event or phenomena
explanans - the statements that purport to do the explaining
explanadum - the statement that describes the event or phenomena to be explained |
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Term
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Definition
An "If... then..." statement that is composed of 2 parts - antecedent and consequent
antecedent - the statement that comes immediately after the "if"
consequent - the statement that comes immediately after "then" |
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Term
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Definition
| An argument is deductive (iff) it incorporates the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true. Involves logical necessity (necessary reasoning). |
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Term
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Definition
| An argument is inductive (iff) it incorporates the claim that it is improbable for the conclusion to be false give that the premises are true. Involve logical probability (probabilistic reasoning). |
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Term
| Argument Based on Mathematics (I or D?) |
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Definition
| A type of deductive argument whose conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement. |
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Term
| Argument from definition (I or D?) |
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Definition
| A type of deductive argument where the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion |
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Term
| Categorical Syllogism (I or D?) |
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Definition
| A syllogism in which each statement begins with one of the words "all," "some," or "no." |
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Term
| Hypothetical Syllogism (I or D?) |
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Definition
Pa: If p, then q
Pb: If q, then r
C: If p, then r |
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Term
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Definition
Pa: If p, then q
Pb: p
C: q |
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Term
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Definition
Pa: If p, then q
Pb: not q
C: not p |
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Term
| Denying the Antecedent (I or D?) |
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Definition
Pa: If p, then q
Pb: not p
C: not q |
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Term
| Affirming the Consequent (I or D?) |
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Definition
Pa: If p, then q
Pb: q
C: p |
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Term
| Disjunctive Syllogism (I or D?) |
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Definition
Pa: Either p or q | Either p or q
Pb: not p | not q
C: q | p |
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Term
| Constructive Dilemma (I or D?) |
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Definition
Pa: If p, then q
Pb: If r, then s
Pc: Either p or r
C: Either q or s |
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Term
| Destructive Dilemma (I or D?) |
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Definition
Pa: If p, then q
Pb: If r, then s
Pc: Either not q or not s
C: Either not p or not r |
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Term
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Definition
| An type of inductive argument that proceeds from knowledge about the past to make a claim about the future |
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Term
| Argument from Analogy (I or D?) |
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Definition
| An inductive argument that depends on the existence of an analogy, or similarity between two things or states of affairs |
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Term
| Inductive Generalization (I or D?) |
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Definition
| An inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to make a claim about the whole group. |
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Term
| Argument from Authority (I or D?) |
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Definition
| An inductive argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or eyewitness said that it is. |
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Term
| Argument Based on Signs (I or D?) |
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Definition
| An inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to make a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes. |
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Term
| Causal Inference (I or D?) |
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Definition
| An inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a cause a claim about an effect, or that proceeds from knowledge of an effect to a claim about a cause |
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Term
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Definition
| A deductive argument is valid (iff) it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true; the conclusion follows from the premises with logical necessity |
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Term
| Invalid Deductive Argument |
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Definition
| A deductive argument is invalid (iff)it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true |
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Term
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Definition
| An argument is sound (iff) it is a valid deductive argument with all true premises and a true conclusion |
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Term
| Strong Inductive Argument |
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Definition
| An inductive argument is strong (iff) it is improbable for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true |
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Term
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Definition
| An inductive argument in which it is possible that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true; the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises |
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Term
| Cogent Argument (I or D?) |
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Definition
| An argument is cogent (iff) it is an inductive argument that is both strong and possesses all true premises |
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Term
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Definition
| Results from replacing the different words or sentences that make up an argument with logical variables; it is the sole determinant of validity. |
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Term
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Definition
| An argument that is produced by uniformly substituting terms or statements in place of the letters in an argument form |
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Term
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Definition
| A substitution instance that has all true premises and a false conclusion; is used to prove argument forms and hence, the argument itself invalid |
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