Term
| what is the purpose of reflexes? |
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Definition
| built-in responses facilitate survival |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| asymmetrical tonic neck reflex |
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Definition
starts: supine position
stimulus: turn head to one side
response: same-side arm and leg extend |
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Term
| symmetrical tonic neck reflex |
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Definition
start: supported sitting
stimulus: extend head and neck; flex head and neck
response: arms extend, legs flex, arms flex, legs extend |
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Term
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Definition
stimulus: touch palm with finger or object
response: hand closes tightly around finger or object |
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Term
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Definition
stimulus: place soles of feet on flat surface
response: legs move in walking pattern |
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Term
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Definition
start: supine position
stimulus: shake head
response: arms, legs, and fingers extend; then arms and legs flex |
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Term
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Definition
stimulus: stroke sole of foot from heel to toes
response: toes extend |
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Term
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Definition
-begin around 4 months
-help maintain posture in changing environment
-initially similar to reflexes, then incorporated into general repertoire |
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Term
| labyrinthine righting reflex |
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Definition
start: supported up right
stimulus: infant is tilted
response: head moves to stay upright |
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Term
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Definition
start: supine position
stimulus: turn head sideways & turn legs and pelvis to other side
response: body follows head in rotation, trunk and head follow in rotation |
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Term
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Definition
start: infant held upright
stimulus: lower infant toward ground rapidly
response: legs and arms extend |
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Term
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Definition
| lifts head, lifts shoulders, rolls over, gets on hands and knees, creeps on hands and knees, pulls to stand, stands alone, walks backward, walks alone, walks up stairs with help, walks down stairs with help, jumps off floor, both feet, jumps from bottom step |
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Term
| what are some rate limiters for motor milestones? |
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Definition
-individual constraints that inhibit or slow attainment of a motor skill
-rapidly changing during early childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| moving on hands and knees |
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Term
| crawling "commando crawl" |
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Definition
| moving on hands and abdomen |
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Term
| what are some rate limiters of crawling/creeping? |
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Definition
| balance, strength, coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| when one leg is half way through of taking a step while other starts it step (period of double support followed by period of single support) |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of early walking? |
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Definition
1) arms are in high guard 2)feet are out-toed and spread wide apart 3)independent steps are taken
*rate controllers = strength (to support body on one leg) and balance |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of proficient walking? |
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Definition
| 1) stride length increases 2) base of support is reduced 3) pelvis is rotated 4) opposition *double-knee lock pattern -> knee extends twice in one step cycle* |
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Term
| what happens in running and when does it occur? |
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Definition
| occurs 6-7 months after walking; 50% phasing of the legs and flight phase followed by single support |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of early running? |
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Definition
-stability of mobility - return of "old behaviors"
-arms in high guard, limited range of motion, short stride length, little rotation |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of proficient running? |
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Definition
-less stability, more mobility
-increased stride length, planar movement (front-back), narrow base of support, trunk rotation, opposition, heel hits first or flat footed, arms parallel - not across body |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of later running? |
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Definition
-patterns help increase stability and balance
-decrease in stride length, range of motion, number of strides, speed
*rate controllers = balance and strength |
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Term
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Definition
individual propels self off ground with one or two feet, lands on two feet
-simple jumping before age 2
-perform either vertical or horizontal jump |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of early jumping? |
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Definition
| jumping vertically, one-foot takeoff or landing, no or limited preparatory movements |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of proficient jumping? |
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Definition
| preparatory crouch maximizes takeoff force, both feet leave ground at same time, arm swing utilized during jump, for vertical jump - force is directed downward - body is extended, for horizontal jump - force is directed down and backward - knees flexed during flight |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of a proficient long jump? |
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Definition
| deep prep crouch, neck is alined, feet leave ground together, arms come forward, arms extended overhead at takeoff, hips and knees fully extended, trunk flexes, arms reach forward at landing, knee flexion leads to hip flexion, knees extend, two-foot landing |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of early hopping? |
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Definition
| support leg is lifted rather than used to project body, arms are inactive, swing leg is held rigidly in front of body |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of proficient hopping? |
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Definition
| swing leg leads hip and moves through full range of motion, support leg extends fully at hip, opposition (of arms) generates force, support leg is flexed on landing |
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Term
| what are some rate limiters for early jumping and hopping? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some characteristics of galloping, sliding, and skipping? |
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Definition
| arrhythmic and stiff movements, little or no arm movement, little or no trunk rotation, exaggeration of vertical lift, short stride or step length |
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Term
| what are some characteristics of proficient galloping, sliding, and skipping? |
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Definition
| knees give on landing, movements are rhythmic, heel-foot or forefoot landings prevail |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of early overarm throwing? |
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Definition
| face the direction where going to throw, flex and extend elbow, no hip rotation but hip flexion |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of proficient overarm throwing? |
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Definition
| prep windup (weight shifts and trunk rotates back; arm swings), opposite leg, long step, differentiated trunk rotation, upper arm and forearm lag, movements are sequential to transfer momentum |
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Term
| What are the developmental changes in overarm throwing for the trunk? |
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Definition
1. none or forward-backward movement
2. block rotation
3. differentiated rotation |
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Term
| What are the developmental changes in overarm throwing for the backswing? |
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Definition
1. no backswing
2. shoulder flexion
3. upward backswing
4. downward, circular backswing |
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Term
| What are the developmental changes in overarm throwing for the foot action? |
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Definition
1. no step
2. homolateral step-same side leg
3.short contralateral step
4. long contralateral step |
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Term
| What are the developmental changes in overarm throwing for the upper arm action? |
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Definition
1. oblique - elbow pointed up or down
2. aligned horizontally but independent
3. lagging |
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Term
| What are the developmental changes in overarm throwing for the forearm? |
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Definition
1. no lag
2. lag
3. delayed lag |
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Term
| How does age affect throwing? |
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Definition
-musculoskeletal constraints might negatively change movement pattern (i.e. arthritis)
-played overarm sport in youth = better form
-change is slow; change in control, not coordination |
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Term
| When throwing for accuracy instead of ____ _____, movement pattern ______. |
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Definition
| force production, deteriorates |
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Term
| What are characteristics of early kicking? |
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Definition
-no step is taken with nonkicking leg
-kicking leg merely pushes forward |
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Term
| characteristics of proficient kicking? |
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Definition
-prep windup
-trunk rotates forward
-movement is sequential: thigh rotates forward, then lower leg extends
-kicking leg- full range of motion
-arms in opposition to legs; leans back |
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Term
| characteristics of early punting |
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Definition
-ball is tossed up rather than dropped
-punter often contacts ball with toes rather than instep |
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Term
| characteristics of proficient punting |
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Definition
-arms are extended to drop ball as final leg stride made
-arms then drop to sides, move in opposition
-leaps onto supporting leg, swings punting leg vigorously for contact
-punting leg is kept straight; toes pointed
-body leaves ground; hop on supporting leg |
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Term
| characteristics of early sidearm striking |
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Definition
-chopping motion (elbow extension)
-little leg and trunk movement |
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Term
| characteristics of proficient sidearm striking |
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Definition
| -sideways stance; backswing; long step; differentiated/block rotation; horizontal swing, full ROM; sequential movements |
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Term
| characteristics of early overarm striking |
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Definition
| limited trunk rotation, swing with collapsed elbow, little or no lag with swing forward, much like early throwing in appearance |
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Term
| characteristics of proficient overarm striking |
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Definition
-rotates lower, upper trunk more than 90 degrees
-elbow held between 90 and 119 degrees at start of forward movement
-racket lags behind arm in swing (open kinetic chain)
-movement is sequential |
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Term
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Definition
| hold against palm w/out thumb then with thumb |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the grasping of an object |
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Term
| Object and shape influence ____ of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ ____ _____ _____ to object size determines choosing 1 hand or 2 hands to pick up object. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -arm movement mature to successful reaching -learning control of arm movement more important than vision -"ballpark reaches" |
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Term
| older children and adults reaching |
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Definition
| shape hand using "vision" before grasping object - decide to use one or two hands -children "slow down" more than adults at end of reach to judge grasp (experience) |
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Term
| bimanual reaching milestones |
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Definition
1. moving hand to mouth
2. mouth open in anticipation of hand's arrival
3. bilateral reaching
4. infants reach for objects with both arms but one hand raches and grasps object first
5. infants hold object in each hand - bang together (complimentary limbs)
6. pull apart, insert one object into another
-early 2 year - use object as tools (spoon)
7. hold lid open, withdraw object (complementary activity) |
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Term
| manual performance in adulthood |
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Definition
-declines after age 50
-reaction slowed; coordination declines
-strength and joints decline
-slow down at end of reach for corrections
-loss in coordination of handwriting
-accuracy maintained, especially in well-practiced tasks |
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Term
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Definition
-initiation and acceleration to peak velocity. then deceleration and termination phase
-young adults-symmertrical phases
-older adults move less far in acceleration phase, longer deceleration adjustment phase. |
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Term
| characteristics of early catching |
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Definition
-children start with rigid position of arms and hands
-may trap ball against chest
-little force absorption
-may turn head away, close eyes |
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Term
| characteristics of proficient catching |
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Definition
-hands "give" with the ball to gradually absorb force
-catcher moves side to side or forward/back to intercept ball
-fingers pointed up for high balls, down for low balls
-proficient by 11-12 yr old but movement difficult |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anticipating movement completion to coincide with arrival of moving object |
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Term
| coincidence anticipation for kids |
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Definition
1. same speed, same location
2. same speed, different location
3. different speed, same location
4. different speed, different location |
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Term
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Definition
1. optical array - visual pattern expands or constricts (on retina) with arrival or departure of ball
2. Angle of gaze - keep ratio at or near zero
3. Constant Bearing Angle - keeping the lateral position of the ball constant with respect to the catcher |
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