Term
| the history of pain control in the 1800s includes? |
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Definition
alcohol
opium
ether
acetylated salicylic acid (aspirin)
nitrous oxide |
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Term
| history in the 1900s for pain control includes? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the 1860's what was the local anesthetic of choice? |
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Definition
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Term
| what was the ester used in 1905 that is no longer used in U.S.? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the amides that were used since 1940's that are more potent and less allergenic? |
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Definition
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Term
another name for bupivicaine
(hint: it is super long lasting and contains epi) |
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Definition
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Term
| what are articaine and septicaine used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| if someone is fatigued, stressed, or in a difficult emotional state will they have a higher or lower pain threshold? |
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Definition
| lower pain threshold, more suceptible, vulnerable |
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Term
T/ F
the elderly have a high pain threshold. |
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Definition
| True, elderly can tolerate more pain. |
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Term
| what are good tactics for stress reduction for a patient? |
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Definition
morning appts
short appts
middle of the week |
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Term
| how to identify stress in patient |
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Definition
-cancelled appts
-cold, sweaty palms
-stiff posture
-quick answers
-perspiration
-white knuckles |
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Term
| what are the components of the Central Nervous System? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of the Peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
nerve tissues outside the brain
31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 cranial nerves |
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Term
| what does the sympathetic nervous system do? |
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Definition
| it stimulates fight or flight/ adrenaline |
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Term
| what does the parasympathetic nervous system do? |
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Definition
slows heart/ during rest and relaxation
rest and digest |
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Term
| what are 2 ways to categorize the nervous system? |
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Definition
1.direction of information
2.function |
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Term
| what promotes better saliva flow |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the different directions of information? |
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Definition
AFFERENT- incoming info, from source to brain.
EFFERENT-outgoing from brain to source. |
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Term
| when discussing the function of nervous tissue what does the somatic do? |
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Definition
somatic is part of efferent (outgoing message/signal from brain)
controls the voluntary and reflex activity
part of skeletal muscles and gland cells |
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Term
| the function of the Atonomic nervous system |
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Definition
carries info to ANS or visceral effectors
controls involuntary smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gland tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| functional unit enabling communication between CNS and body |
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Term
| what is the cell that is responsible for making myelin |
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Definition
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Term
| outer barrier of myelin that is smaller but gets local faster (does not last long anesthatized) |
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Definition
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Term
| the nerves are surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called/ |
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Definition
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Term
| do thicker or thinner neurons send message faster? |
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Definition
| thicker neurons send messages faster |
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Term
| some neurons are myelinated. they are covered with a protective coating, what is this made up of? |
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Definition
| myelinated neurons are coated with a thick lipid layer |
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Term
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Definition
| gaps in the myelin sheath, evenly spaced interruptions, enables saltatory conduction to send messages |
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Term
| which neurons move faster, myelinated, or unmyelinated? |
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Definition
| mylinated neurons move faster. |
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Term
| if neurons are myelinated can they be repaired? |
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Definition
| yes myelinated can be repaired, which means unmyelinated cannot repair |
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Term
| what kind of energy is used for neurons(for saltatory conduction) |
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Definition
action potential is used!!
jumps from on node of ranvier to the next to depolarize the threshold.
energy is saved. |
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Term
| type A fibers of the peripheral nerve system. |
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Definition
-largest
-abundant in oral cavity
-require more anesthetic
-responsible for conducting pressure and motor sensory
-contains 4 groups |
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Term
| what are the 4 types of type A fibers of PNS? |
|
Definition
alpha-large, fat
beta- medium, light myelination, proprioception(awareness of postition)
gamma-touch and pressure
delta-pain and tempurature |
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|
Term
|
Definition
medium in diameter
light myelination |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-small
-most numerous
-unmyelinated
easy to anesthetize |
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Term
| what allows sodium channels to open? |
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Definition
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Term
| what direction does sodium travel in depolarization? |
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Definition
| sodium goes from outside to inside in depolarization |
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Term
| what direction does potassium travel in depolarization through sodium channels? |
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Definition
| from inside to outside for potassium |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between the + & the - on inside and outside. |
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Term
| when in normal or resting state pre depolarization where is potassium and where is sodium? |
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Definition
sodium is in outside (extracellular fluid) while resting
potassium is inside (intracellular fluid) while resting |
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Term
| what does it take to make a change in polarization |
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Definition
| -70 mV (range of -40--95mV) |
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Term
| what can stimulate neurons |
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Definition
chemical, thermal, mechanical, electrical
these allow for polarization (rest) to depolarization (active)
sodium goes in (from out)
potassium goes out (from in)
sodium gets in due to calcium channels open due to stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| after stimulus goes above threshold potential, more ion channels are stimulated to open and more sodium ions get in which cause complete depolarization. |
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Term
| how do local anesthetic actions work |
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Definition
| act by inhibiting the sodium influx(interferes with sodium channels). |
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Term
| what is the order of local anestheisia effectiveness? |
|
Definition
-small myelinated axons
-non myelinated axons
-large myelinated axons |
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Term
| do the IA and PSA have small or large nerve trunks? |
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Definition
| IA and PSA have large nerve trunks |
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