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Definition
-English naturalist who first suggested an explanation for why evolution occurred
-proposed a mechanism for evolutionary change called natural selection |
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| Ship Darwin voyaged on, and from what years? |
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| Darwin voyaged from 1831–1836 on the HMS Beagle, a ship mapping the world’s coastlines |
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| Darwin made several observations that helped lead him to believe that species evolve rather than remain fixed, they are... |
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Definition
fossils of extinct organisms resembled those of living organisms
geographical patterns suggested that organismal lineages change gradually as individuals move into new habitats
islands have diverse animals and plants that are related to, yet different from, their mainland sources |
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| What was Darwin's observation with the different types of finches he encountered? and what did he term it? |
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| Darwin observed that, although all the finches shared a common ancestor, their beak sizes had evolved to suit their food. Darwin termed this “descent with modification.” |
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| What is natural selection? |
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favorable characteristics are specific to an environment; they may be favored in one but not in another
organisms whose characteristics are best suited to their particular environment survive more often and leave more offspring |
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| In "survival of the fittest" (which is what Darwin's theory is often coined) what does he mean by "fittest"? |
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| fitness, in evolutionary theory, refers to organisms who, due to their characteristics, survive more often and leave more offspring |
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| What is artificial selection? |
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| selective breeding for certain traits that breeders preferred |
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| Researcher who was also working on evolution (like Darwin) during the same time that he was |
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Definition
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| What did Darwin conclude about the finches that he studied? |
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| Darwin supposed that the birds evolved from a single ancestor to become individual species who specialized in particular foods |
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| Define adaptive radiation and give an example of it: |
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in adaptive radiation, a cluster of species changes to occupy a series of different habitats within a region
Darwin's finches and their beak stature. |
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| a niche represents how a species interacts both biologically and physically with its environment in order to survive |
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| Some evidence that supports Darwin's theory of evolution: |
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Definition
the fossil record comprises the most direct evidence of macroevolution
The anatomical record also reflects evolutionary history |
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| major evolutionary transition from one type of organism to another occurring at the level of the species and higher taxa. |
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| evolutionary change involving the gradual accumulation of mutations leading to new varieties within a species. |
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| What is an example of the anatomical record? |
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| all vertebrate embryos share a similar set of developmental instructions and features |
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are derived from the same body part present in an ancestor
ex: the same bones might be put to different uses in related species |
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are similar-looking structures in unrelated lineages
ex: Bird and Bat |
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| the appearance of apparently similar structures in organisms of different lines of descent. |
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| this permits changes in an individual gene, compared over a broad array of organisms, to be dated from the time of divergence |
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| Evolution was generally accepted by... |
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Definition
| the turn of the 20th century |
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| Recent criticism for evolution comes from some of these sources |
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Definition
-the Fundamentalist Movement
-the Scientific Creationist Movement
-Local Action
-Intelligent Design |
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| Some examples that try to refute evolution but are not right: |
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Definition
1. Evolution is not solidly demonstrated
2. The intelligent design argument
3. There are no fossil intermediates
4. Evolution violates the second law of thermodynamics
5. Natural selection does not imply evolution
6. Life could not have evolved in water |
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| tiktaalik is an example of what kind of fossil? How does it help to further solidify evolution? |
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Definition
| Intermediate fossil; it is the transition between two different organisms |
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| Population genetics is the study of |
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Definition
| the properties of genes in populations |
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Definition
| the sum of all of the genes in a population, including all alleles in all individuals |
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| in 1908, they studied allele frequencies in a gene pool |
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Definition
| G.H. Hardy and W. Weinberg |
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| If the allele frequencies are not changing, the population is |
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Definition
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| the proportion of something compared to the total |
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| knowing the frequency of the phenotype, one can calculate the |
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Definition
| frequency of the genotypes and alleles in the population |
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| By convention, the frequency of the more common of two alleles is designated by the letter ? and that of the less common allele by the letter ? |
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Definition
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| the sum of p and q must always equal ? and why? |
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Definition
| 1; because there are only 2 alleles |
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| the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is written as an equation |
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Definition
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| Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium only works if what 5 assumptions are met? |
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Definition
1. The size of the population is very large or effectively infinite
2. Individuals can mate with one another at random
3. There is no mutation
4. There is no immigration or emigration
5. All alleles are replaced equally from generation to generation (natural selection is not occurring) |
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| Five factors can alter the proportions of homozygotes and heterozygotes enough to produce significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg predictions, what are they? |
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Definition
1. Mutation
2. Nonrandom mating
3. Genetic drift
4. Migration
5. Selection |
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Term
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Definition
| is a change in a nucleotide sequence in DNA |
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| Mutation is the ultimate source of ? in a population |
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Definition
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| What must mutations affect to be passed on to offspring? |
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Definition
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| Nonrandom mating occurs when |
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Definition
| individuals with certain genotypes mate with one another either more or less commonly than would be expected by chance |
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| is choosing a mate often based on physical characteristics |
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| nonrandom mating alters ? but not ? |
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Definition
| genotype frequencies but not allele frequencies |
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Definition
| random changes in allele frequencies |
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Definition
| the movement of individuals between populations |
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| the magnitude of the effects of migration is based on two factors |
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Definition
the proportion of migrants in the population
the difference in allele frequencies between the migrants and the original population |
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Term
| founder effect occurs when |
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Definition
one of a few individuals migrates and becomes the founder of a new, isolated population at some distance from their place of origin
the alleles that they carry will become a significant fraction of the new population’s genetic endowment |
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Term
| bottleneck effect occurs when |
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Definition
a population is drastically reduced in size
the surviving individuals constitute a random genetic sample of the original population |
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| Selection, according to Darwin, occurs if |
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Definition
| some individuals leave behind more progeny than others, and the likelihood that they will do so is affected by their individual characteristics |
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Definition
| a breeder selects for the desired characteristics |
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| conditions in nature determine which kinds of individuals in a population are the most fit |
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| How many types of natural selection are there? What are they? |
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Definition
| 3; Stabilizing selection, Disruptive Selection, Directional Selection |
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Definition
| form of selection in which both extremes from an array of phenotypes are eliminated |
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| Result of stabilizing selection |
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| an increase in the frequency of the already common intermediate phenotype |
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| form of selection in which the two extremes in an array of phenotypes become more common in the population |
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| Disruptive selection acts to |
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Definition
| eliminate the intermediate phenotypes |
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Definition
| a form of selection that occurs when selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes |
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| the payoff in survival of heterozygotes makes up for the price in death of homozygotes |
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| describes the evolutionary process in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter individuals since the industrial revolution as a result of natural selection |
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Definition
the macroevolutionary process of forming new species from pre-existing species
first, local populations become increasingly specialized
then, if they become different enough, natural selection may act to keep them that way |
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| Who coined the biological species concept? |
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Definition
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| What does the biological species concept define species as? |
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| “groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups” |
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Definition
| Populations whose members do not mate with each other and cannot produce fertile offspring |
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| reproductive isolating mechanisms cause reproductive isolation |
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Definition
| by preventing genetic exchange between species |
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| prezygotic isolating mechanisms prevent |
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Definition
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| postzygotic isolating mechanisms prevent |
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Definition
| the proper functioning of zygotes once they have formed |
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| six different prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
geographical isolation
ecological isolation
temporal isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
prevention of gamete fusion |
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Term
| Geographical isolation occurs |
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Definition
| in cases when species exist in different areas and are not able to interbreed |
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| Ecological isolation results from |
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Definition
| two species that occur in the same area but utilize different portions of the environment and are unlikely to hybridize |
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| Temporal isolation results from |
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Definition
| two species having different reproductive periods, or breeding seasons, that preclude hybridization |
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| Behavioral isolation refers to |
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Definition
| the often elaborate courtship and mating rituals of some groups of animals, which tend to keep these species distinct in nature even if they inhabit the same places |
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| Mechanical isolation results from |
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Definition
| structural differences that prevent mating between related species of animals and plants |
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| Prevention of gamete fusion blocks |
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Definition
| the union of gametes even following successful mating |
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