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Living with Volcanoes
N/A
67
Geology
Undergraduate 1
01/27/2014

Additional Geology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Terrestrial Planets
Definition

Close to the sun

Small

Rocky

 

Ex: Earth, Venus, Mercury, Mars

Term
Jovian Planets
Definition

Far from the sun

Large

Gaseous

 

Ex: Jupiter, Saturn

Term
Nebular Hypothesis
Definition

1) Supernova and formation of primordial dust cloud

2) Condensation of primordial dust forms disk-shaped nebular cloud that rotates counter-clockwise

3) Proto sun and planets begin to form

4) Planets/moons differentiate

5) Existing solar system takes place

Term
Earth's layers
Definition

1) Iron core -- inner core is solid, outer core is liquid

2) Fe-Mg (Iron Magnesium) silicate mantle

3) Silicate crust (oceanic and continental)

4) Oceans

5) Atmosphere

Term
Earth's Inner core
Definition

Hot enough to be liquid, but is under so much pressure at the center that it causes it to be solid

 

 

Term
Mantle Composition
Definition

Mostly Oxygen and Silicate

Small amounts of Fe-Mg

Term
Earth's heat vs Moon
Definition

Earth's heat is still trapped in the center

 

The moon has lost all of its heat, thus shutting down (due to its small size)

Term
Great Iron Catastrophe
Definition

Iron on the Earth was heated up, sank toward the center of Earth, displaced lighter compounds toward the surface

 

Kinetic energy stops, thus creating more heat (one time thing)

 

Degassing occured, Oceans & Atmospheres were formed

Term
Did Earth heat up completely?
Definition
No, the oceans and atmospheres are proof that Earth only partially heated up and melted due to the kinetic energy of colliding masses
Term
Dimensions of Earth
Definition

Center of the Earth ~6400km

Drilling ~15km

Mining ~3.6km

 

*There aren't many reasons to drill further down

 

Term
Earth's Magnetic Field
Definition
Occassionally collapses and re-builds itself, so magnetic North and South changes
Term
Seismology
Definition

-Seismic waves are sound waves

 

Seismic waves refract because of velocity changes related to density changes within the planet

Term
Compressional Waves
Definition

P-waves

Only supported by fluids (gasses/liquids) and solids

Primary, faster speed

 

Aren't heard between 103-143 degrees away from the source since the sound wave diverges after hitting Earth's core

 

Term
Shear Waves
Definition

S-waves

Secondary, slower

Travels through solids only

 

Don't reach the surface when around 103 degrees from the source

*proof that the center of Earth has liquid that the S-wave can't penetrate

Term
Earth's depths
Definition

Crust: 2km-7km

Oceanic crust: 8km-10km

Continental crust: 35km

 

Mantle: 2900km

80% of Earth's volume but only 67% its mass; solid

 

Core:

outer-2200km (thick, liquid iron)

inner-1200km (solid iron)

Term
Lithosphere
Definition

Above 100km is brittle; below 100km is ductile

Can produce Earthquakes

 

 

Tectonic plates are here

Term
Asthenosphere
Definition
Ductile; bends instead of breaking
Term
Internal Convection
Definition

-Convection in the liquid outer core produces the magnetic field

-Convection in the solid mantle moves tectonic plates (can only move a few centimeters each year)

Term
Divergent
Definition

Plates move apart, new oceanic crust is formed in between

 

Magma not making it to the surface and once it breaks through

Term
Convergent
Definition

Plates move together and either collide (cont-cont) -- Mountains

 

(ocean-cont) (ocean-ocean)

The continental side or the denser (older) oceanic crust stays on top, while one is subducted

Term
Transfer
Definition

Plates slide by eachother

 

Ex: San Andreas Fault

Term
Juan De Fuca
Definition

Plate line is across the Washington Coast

Responsible for the formation of the Cascade Mountains

Term
Seafloor Spreading Theory
Definition

1950's

Spreading from the middle and sinking under the continents at their edges

Term
"Smokers"
Definition

Erruptions of very hot material under the water, on the ocean floor

 

Special eco-system thriving off the energy provided from this hot material

Term
Continental-continental convergence examples
Definition
Ex: Himalayas, Alps, No volcanoes
Term
Oceanic-continental subduction examples
Definition
Andes, Cascades
Term
Oceanic-oceanic examples
Definition

The older/denser side is subducted

 

Ex: Japan, Phillipines, Volcanism

Term
Which plate has the highest number of hot spots?
Definition

The African plate! Has the highest number of hot spots and volcanic activity

 

Lately is has been very stationary

Term
3 Different types of rocks
Definition

1) Igneous -- fiery

2) Sedimentary -- settled

3) Metamorphic -- changed form

Term
How to identify/classify rocks
Definition

Identify based on compostion and texture

 

Classification based on description and inerpretation of these features

Term
Igneous Rock
Definition

Formed by cooling and hardening (crystalization/glassification) of magma

 

Most magma doesn't make it to the surface as molten (it solidifies/crystalizes) forms rocks called intrusive (plutonic) igneous rocks -- formed underground

 

 

Term
Plutons
Definition
Classified by shape and relationship with surrounding rock into which the intrusion occurred
Term
Concordant and Discordant
Definition

Concordant: parallel with surrounding layers

Ex: sills, laccoliths, lopoliths

 

 

Discordant: cuts across layers

Ex: dikes, batholiths, stocks

Term
Volcanic Necks
Definition
The left-over, inner-plumbing of an old volcano
Term
Composition
Definition
Types and abundances of different minerals and non-minerals
Term
Vesicular rocks
Definition
This texture is given to rocks that have had bubbles trapped under the cooling magma
Term
Phaneritic
Definition

"Obvious"

Visible to unaided eyes

Coarsed grain

Usually intrusive

 

Phaneritic igneous rock crystallizes slowly underground

Term
Aphantic
Definition

Not obvious

Crystaline

Not visible to the unaided eye

Fine grained

Usually extrusive

Term
Glassy
Definition

Not crystalline

Extrusive

Term
Porphyritic
Definition

Purple

Coarse-grained (phenocrysts)

Surrounded by fine-grained

 

Began crystallizing underground then errupted and finished solidifying on the surface

Extrusive

Term
Obsidian
Definition

Cooled so quickly it has a glassy texture

Submicroscopic seeds of grain

Term
Surface textures on lava flows
Definition

Low-viscosity flows (mafic) develop skins on their upper surface which breaks/distorts, creating 3 distinct textures

 

1) Block Lava

2) Pahoehoe

3) aa

Term
Block Lava
Definition
Formed when lava has solidified and forms when lava is moving very slowly, allowing thick skin to form
Term
Pahoehoe
Definition

Wrinkly, thin surface skin

 

Lower viscosity compared to "aa"

Term
aa
Definition

"painful" from the breaking of a thicker skin into jagged, sharp surface

 

High viscosity because it already degassed and cooled

Term
Felsic Volcanism
Definition

-felsic magma doesn't reach the surface

-localized heating of continental crust an produce continental hot-spots

-some felsic melt is produced at cont-cont collision zones, but the overthickened crust doesn't allow magma to get to the surface

Term
Volcanic Breccia
Definition
Forms from a mixture of welded material, ash, and mud
Term
Which type of magma does ocean-ocean subduction zones produce?
Definition
Mafic to intermediate
Term
Which type of magma does ocean-cont subduction zone produce?
Definition
Ranging from mafic to felsic, but intermediate is most abundant
Term
How is intermediate magma produced?
Definition
From a partial melt of oceanic crust along subduction zones
Term
Mafic Volcanism
Definition

-Mantle plumes (hot spots) produce large quantities of mafic magma

-Divergent boundaries (mid-ocean ridges) have a lot of mafic activity

-Continental rifting may produce flood basalts

Term
Shield Volcanoes
Definition

Constructed by successive basalt flows

Ex: Hawaii

 

Very shallow, slopes range from 7-10 degrees

Term
Gabbro
Definition
Mafic intrusive rock
Term
Basalt
Definition
Extrusive rock
Term
Dike
Definition

Intrusive structure

 

Tabular intrusive bodies that are oriented perpendicularly or obliquely to other rocks

Term
Mafic
Definition

Poor in silica (~50%), Na, K

 Rich in Fe, Mg, Ca

Dark/green minerals

 

Low viscosity

Typically mild erruptions

Gasses escape, flows easily

 

Mafic magma is produced by partial melting or extensive melting

 

Ex: Basalt, Gabbro

Term
Felsic
Definition

Poor in Fe, Mg, Ca 

Rich in silica, Na, K

 Light/pink minerals

 

High Viscosity

Typically violent erruptions

Gasses can't escape, flows sluggishly

 

Ex: Rhyolite, Granite

Term
Intermediate
Definition
Between mafic and felsic
Term
Ultramafic
Definition
Beyond mafic
Term
What type of magma does partial melting of subducted oceanic crust produce?
Definition
Mafic and intermediate magma
Term
Changes in bulk chemistry
Definition

1) gravitational settling of inital solids

2) flow segregation as the magma moves

3) filter pressing of risidual fluid

4) loss of volatiles (water, gasses)

Term
Erruption Day Events (Mt St Helens)
Definition

1) 5.1 magnitude Earthquake a mile below the summit

2) Flank fails and slides away -- 4 major blocks slumped down the mountain sides

3) Rapid decompression of crytodome -- caused a lateral blast

4) Cleared away -- vertical erruption column blast

Term
Cryptodome
Definition
Material undernearth the slumped mountain side (Mt. St. Helens)
Term
Lahar
Definition
Mud flow filled with large chunks of the mountain side, boulders, trees, debris, etc
Term
"Seared Zone"
Definition

Distal zone

"Standing dead" zone

Trees singed by hot gas

Term
Tree-down Zone
Definition
Snapped, blown flat, killed, stripped of bark and vegetation
Term
Direct-blast zone
Definition
Trees uprooted and soil stripped away, became part of the sharpanal and blast
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