1.Igneous Rock

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Rock that forms from hardened lava

Ex. Obsidian, Pumice

2. Sedimentary Rock

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Rocks that form from sediment being put under pressure

Ex. Limestone, Sandstone

3. Metamorphic Rock

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A rock that has been put under 

heat and pressure

Ex. Gneiss, Schist

4. Rock Cycle

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The CIRCLE OF LIIIIIIIFEEE, but having to do with rocks.

Ex. the formation of rocks

5. Erosion

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6. Weathering

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Same as erosion

Ex. Look above

7.Soil Horizons

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layers of soil

Always start at topsoil

Always end at bedrock

8. Continental Drift

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The reason why our continents look the way they do.

This is still going on in present day

9.Theory of Tectonic plates

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Explains how volcanoes form, how island form, and why we get earthquakes

This is one of the most useful and important theories in science

10. Abraham Ortielius

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first person to believe of there being a super continent such as pangaea

Creator of first modern atlas

11. Arthur Holmes

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Pioneered use of radiactive dating of rocks

First Scientist to grasp mantle convection

12. Alfred Wegner

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Originator of continental drift theory

theory was controversial up until the 50's when it was then accepted

13. Gondwanaland

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The southern portion of the supercontinent pangaea

This was formed from our present day continents

14. Laurasia

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The northern part of Pangaea

Formed of, you guessed it, asia and north america

15. Harry Hess

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One of the founding fathers of the theory of tectonic plates

Best known for explaining the seafloor spreading

16. Pangaea

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Supercontinent that existed in paleozoic era

made up of our 7 present day continents.

17. Sea Floor Spreading

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18. Divergent Plates

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tectonic plates that move away from eachother

form trenches

19. convergent plates

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tectonic plates that collide together

create earthquakes

20. transform plates

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tectonic plates that shift by their sides

create ridges

21. Cindercone volcano

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volcanoes made of their own debris

this includes volcanic ash, cinders, ect. 

cone shaped (WARNING! NOT FOR ICECREAM!!!)

22. composite cone volcano

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volcano in the shape of a cone

formed by layers of hardened lava, ash, pumice, and tethra.

23. Shield volcano

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built almost entirely of fluid lava

resembles a shield lying on the ground

24. Volcanic effects on lithosphere

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it can go both ways. 

it can burn down the trees and affect the wildlife around it

but also deposit those remains into the soil, causing it to be fertilized.

25. layers of the earth

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the four parts of the earths interior that keeps it the way it is

they include the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core

26. isostasy

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the equilibrium that exists between parts of the mantle

pretty much keeps them at a small distance

27. Faults

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a crack in the earths crust

think of a crack in your screen or a cut in your skin. it kinda resembles that

28. seismic waves

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waves of energy that travel through the earths layers

can be a result of an earthquake, explosion, or volcano

29. focus and epicenter

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epicenter is the part in the crust above the impact point in the mantle

kinda like pinpointing where it happened and where it will impact most severely

30. tsunami

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a huge wave caused by the displacement of water

there was a HUUUUGE tsunami over at japan some years ago.

this is the stuff you do NOT want to mess with. AT ALL.