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Definition
| repetition of initial consonant sounds |
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| indirect reference to another idea, person, place, event or artwork |
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comparison between two different items that an author may use to describe,
define, explain by indicating similarities |
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| When a writer substitutes a harsh word for a milder sounding word |
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Exaggeration or overstatement to achieve a serious, ironic, humorous or
sarcastic effect |
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| Figurative language creates pictures representing objects, actions, or ideas |
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Definition
Verbal—speaker takes on a role that states the opposite of what is expressed.
Situational—when the situation is not expected—a plot twist. Dramatic—reader knows
something that other characters do not know, thereby creating intensity or suspense |
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Definition
a poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas,
words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit |
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| direct or implied comparison between two unlike things |
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a metaphor in which the actual subject is represented by an item with
which it is closely associated. e.g. Washington for the US government |
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| Defining or discussing something in terms of what it is not |
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a paradoxical image created by using two contradictory terms together
as jumbo shrimp |
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| a metaphor giving human qualities to a nonhuman, abstract, inanimate object |
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A figure of speech in which a future event is referred to in anticipation.
e.g. a character that is about to die might be described as “the dead man.” |
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Definition
| a play on the meaning of words—two meanings |
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| asking a question for effect, not expecting an answer |
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| indirect comparison of two unlike things using like, as, and sometimes than |
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Definition
an understatement used for emphasis or affirmation, asserts a point by
denying the opposite |
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Term
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Definition
(pairing of nouns with nouns, clauses with clauses, and infinitives with
infinitives to show equal relationship)? What impact on meaning do these syntactical choices
add? |
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Term
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Definition
the regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of
successive phrases or clauses—We shall fight on the beaches. We shall fight on the
landing grounds. We shall fight in the fields and in the streets |
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Term
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Definition
| conjunctions are omitted, producing a fast-paced and rapid prose |
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Definition
| the use of many conjunctions slows the reader’s pace |
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| two opposing ideas present in a parallel manner; paradox |
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Term
| Appeals to Logical Reasoning |
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Definition
Facts, statistics, and evidence signal appeals to logic—Be
aware of fallacies to logic thinking including: One-sidedness, Name Calling, Bandwagon, Half-
Truths, Implication by Association, and Loaded Words |
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Term
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Definition
| Are established through feelings and word connotations |
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Term
| Appeals to Ethical Considerations |
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Definition
Appeals to character or trust suggest that the action
called for by the editorial or opinion article is the right thing to do. Words such as right, wrong,
truth, justice, fairness, honesty, respect, responsibility,freedom, and equality may signal ethical
appeals. Ethical appeals also identify the opposing position admitting something that is against
the author’s own self-interest. Be aware of the author’s motives as some may try to demonize the
opposition presenting the other side as monstrous or fanatical. Appeals to ethics also use
authority figures to substantiate the case |
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Term
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Definition
the grammatical structure of the first clause of phrase is reversed in the second,
sometimes repeating the same words—provides balance. “Ask not what your country can do for
you; ask what you can do for your country.” |
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