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Critical approach
AP English 4
77
English
12th Grade
03/18/2017

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Term
Marxism Themes
Definition
-Economics is the driving force of history
-Economics drives society and class differences
-Capitalism creates hierarchies and discord
Term
Bourgeosie
Definition
The capitalist upper class
Term
Proletariat
Definition
The working class that supplies capitalists
Term
Alienation
Definition
Marxist term referring to the loss of meaning, fulfillment, & personal identity that occurs under capitalism: including loss of control over the creative process of capitalist production, separation of the producer from the value of the things produced, & isolation from fellow producers during the process.
Term
Marxism application
Definition
-Consider how a literary work reflects the socioeconomic conditions of the time in which it was written
-What does the text tell us about contemporary social classes and how does it reflect classism?
Term
British Cultural Materialism Themes
Definition
-Attributes culture to working class as well as to the elites
-Mass media reflects interests of ruling class
-Reflection theory: literature reflects the social reality surrounding it
Term
Brit. Cultural Materialism Application
Definition
The best way to understand human culture is to examine the material conditions- climate, food, supply
Relate everyday cultural practices to wider social formations
Term
Eco-criticism themes
Definition
-Activism for the environment
-Focus on relationships between lit. and environment
-Function of literature is to redirect human consciousness to a full consideration of its place in a threatened natural world
-Environment informs how individuals view themselves and their history
Term
Eco-feminism
Definition
-viewed male aggression against earth as parallel to male aggression towards women
-analyze how notions of masculinity shape how we view nature
Term
Back to nature
Definition
desire for regression from adult life and return to the primal warmth of the womb or breast
Term
New Historicism application
Definition
-Look for surprising coincidences and correspondences between literature and history
-How literature and history resemble each other
-Study history with close attention to multiplicity of meanings, contradictions, and omissions
Term
Literary Darwinism themes
Definition
-Application of evolutionary theory, especially natural selection, to literature
-Humans share a common nature that can be explained using scientific method
-Sciences, humanities, and arts share common goal of promoting human understanding
Term
Feminism themes
Definition
-Reflect concern with the silencing and marginalization of women in a patriarchal culture
-Criticizes false assumptions made about women
Term
Cultural feminism
Definition
Idea that a matriarchal culture would be more positive and nurturing
Term
First wave feminism
Definition
-Establishing legal policy that women are human beings and cannot be treated like property
-Discuss social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women
Term
Second wave feminism
Definition
-Fought against national desire to return to prewar patriarchy
-TV shows idealized families with mother in heels, dresses, and pearls and no outside employment
Term
Third wave feminism
Definition
-Expanded interests of feminism to women of color, lower class, lesbian, trans, and third world women
Term
Mythological/ Archetypal
Definition
-Relationship of literature to archetypes in human nature
-Myths are symbolic projections of a person’s hopes, values, and aspirations
-Are collective and communal; transcends time
Term
Water archetype
Definition
Mystery of creation, purification and redemption; fertility and growth; According to Jung, also a symbol for the unconscious
Sea- mother of life, spiritual mystery and infinity; death and rebirth; timelessness and eternity; the unconscious
Rivers- death and rebirth (baptism); the flowing of time into eternity; transitional phases of the life cycle
Term
Sun archetype
Definition
(fire and sky closely related)creative energy, law of nature; consciousness (thinking, enlightenment, wisdom, spiritual vision); father principle
Rising sun- birth, creation, enlightenment
Setting sun- death
Term
Color symbolism
Definition
Green- growth, sensation, fertility OR may be associated with death and decay
Blue- (usually highly positive) associated with truth, religion, and purity
Red- blood, sacrifice violent passion, disorder
Black-(darkness) chaos, mystery, death, evil, the unconscious, the unknown
White- innocence, purity
Term
Immortality archetype
Definition
Two forms
-Escape from time: Return to paradise, the state of perfect, timeless bliss enjoyed by man and woman before their tragic fall into corruption and mortality (Adam and Eve)
-Mystical submersion into cyclical time: Theme of endless death and regeneration- humans achieve sense of immortality by submitting to the rhythm of nature's eternal cycle, particularly cycle of seasons
Term
Hero/ Heroine archetype
Definition
archetypes of transformation and redemption
Term
Genre archetypes
Definition
Spring- comedy; Summer- romance; Fall- tragedy; Winter- irony
Term
Freudian themes
Definition
-Childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults
Term
Oral (0-1)
Definition
-Mouth is pleasure center
-If needs are not met, he or she may develop nail biting habits or thumb sucking
Term
Anal (1-3)
Definition
-Experiment with urine and feces
-Improper resolution leads to a child that is uptight or overly obsessed with order
Term
Phallic (3-6)
Definition
-Struggle with sexual desires toward opposite sex parent
Term
Electra complex
Definition
-Girl’s desire for her father’s attention
Term
Oedipus complex
Definition
-Boy’s desire for his mother and urge to replace his father who he sees as a rival for mother’s attention
-Child experiences castration anxiety because he fears father will punish him for his feelings
Term
Latency (6-12)
Definition
-Sexual instincts subside
-Children begin to behave in morally acceptable ways and adopt values of parents
Term
Genital (12+)
Definition
-Sexual impulses reemerge
-Adolescents engage in appropriate sexual behavior, leading to marriage and childbirth
Term
Base
Definition
The material economic world
Term
Superstructure
Definition
Built upon the base; its economics is the driving material force of society and of class differences
Term
Dialectic
Definition
Method of argument; How historical transformations occur; Thesis and antithesis allow opposing forces to exist and give rise to a third force, synthesis, which transcends the opposition
Term
Expanded notion of rectification
Definition
The way that commodification reduces social relations, ideas, and people to things, thus accelerating alienation
Term
Commodification
Definition
the act of attaching a monetary (exchange) value to human beings
Term
Use value
Definition
the value of an object (or person) based on the use of that object
Term
exchange value
Definition
the value or amount an object or service can be exchanged (bought/sold/traded) for
Term
Sign-exchange value
Definition
has nothing to do with practical value or a product's ability to work properly, but with status
Term
Dominant ideology thesis
Definition
in any historical period, the ideas of the ruling class - i.e. the class that controls the means of material production - are dominant.
Term
Base/superstructure model
Definition
Refers to Marx's theory that it is economic, material conditions (e.g. capitalist production) that form the foundations of society & culture.
Term
Dialectical materialism
Definition
The Marxist view of historical change sees developments in the economic 'base' as the fundamental, driving force. The crucial factor is the relationship to the means of production e.g. 'owner' & 'worker'.
Term
Ideological hegemony
Definition
A term particularly associated with Antonio Gramsci (1891 - 1937) which suggests the ruling ideology is in a constant tactical battle for dominance with competing ideas; A refinement of the dominant ideology thesis.
Term
False consciousness
Definition
Marx's term for the condition of the working class under capitalism whereby they are prevented from recognizing their own interests.
Term
Commodity fetishism
Definition
A term to describe the value attributed to objects in a capitalist economy. This value is derived not from how products are used, or from the labor of exploited workers who produce them - which is usually heavily disguised by advertising - but from the price they can command on the market.
Term
False needs
Definition
A term coined by Herbert Marcuse to describe the capacity of the capitalist culture industry to manipulate tastes & desires in order to persuade people to consume in carefully controlled/standardized manner.
Term
One-dimensional man
Definition
Marcuse's term referring to what we become when capitalism manages to substitute our 'real needs' for the carefully manipulated desire for products. We essentially become like puppets in the hands of a cynical advertising industry with no control over our lives or capacity to realize our true potential.
Term
Ideological state apparatuses
Definition
Althusser's view is that we are constituted as subjects by ideological practice i.e our values & desires are formed by the media, education system etc. & these constantly reinforce capitalism.
Term
Eco-criticism application
Definition
-How is nature represented in this passage?
-What role does physical setting play?
-Do men write about nature differently than woman
Term
Anthropocentric
Definition
In ecology, man’s tragic flaw is his anthropocentric vision, and his compulsion to conquer, humanize, domesticate, violate, and exploit every natural thing; assumes the primacy of humans, who either sentimentalize or dominate the environment
Term
Bio-centric
Definition
decenters humanity’s importance and explores the complex interrelationships between the human and the nonhuman
Term
New Historicism
Definition
-study how a work of literature reflects its historical and sociocultural context
-understand how a literary work comments on and relates to its context
Term
Canon
Definition
the group of works that represents the “best” literary works of a given language
Term
Non-canonical
Definition
other works (the vast majority) that are not considered to be “high” literature
Term
Discourse
Definition
A discourse is made up of a group of texts, statements, or utterances relating to a specific topic or theme; important is to recognize how one book or thing someone says about a topic can be a reflection of the whole treasure trove of ideas already expressed about that issue—and that trove is the “discourse” around that concept
Term
Literary Darwinism
Definition
identifying basic, common human needs—survival, sex, and status, for instance—and using those categories to describe the behavior of characters depicted in literary texts;
Literary Darwinists read books in search of innate patterns of human behavior: child bearing and rearing, efforts to acquire resources (money, property, influence) and competition and cooperation within families and communities
Term
Natural selection
Definition
the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
Term
Evolutionary fitness
Definition
ability to survive and pass along one's genes
Term
Adaptability
Definition
Ability of an entity or organism to alter itself or its responses to the changed circumstances or environment.
Term
Consilience
Definition
agreement between the approaches to a topic of different academic subjects, especially science and the humanities;
Belief that sciences, humanities, and the arts share common goal of promoting human understanding
Term
Selfish genes
Definition
a force that influences nearly everything humans do
Term
Habitus
Definition
A system of dispositions comparable to what linguists analyze as the sum of tacit knowledge one has to know to speak a given language
Term
Circle (sphere) archetype
Definition
wholeness, unity; Egg- mystery of life and forces of generation
Term
Serpent (snake, worm) archetype
Definition
symbol of energy and pure force (libido)
Term
Archetypal woman
Definition
Great mother- mysteries of life, death, transformation
Term
The Good mother
Definition
(positive aspects of the Earth mother)associated with the life principle, birth, warmth, nourishment, protection, fertility
Term
The Terrible Mother
Definition
the witch, sorceress, siren, whore, lamia, femme fatale- associated with sensuality, sexual orgies, fear, danger, darkness, dismemberment, emasculation
Term
The Soul mate
Definition
The Sophia figure, Holy Mother, the princess of "beautiful lady"- incarnation of inspiration and fulfillment
Term
The Wise old man archetype
Definition
Personification of the spiritual principle, representing knowledge, reflection, insight on one hand and moral qualities such as goodwill and readiness to help on the other
Term
Trickster archetype
Definition
Opposite of the wise old man; close affinity with the shadow archetype; has a positive side and serves a healing function through his transformative influence; Serves as a cathartic safety valve for pent-up social pressures, a reminder of humankind's primitive origins and fallibility of its institutions
Term
Garden archetype
Definition
Paradise; innocence; unspoiled beauty; fertility
Term
Tree archetype
Definition
Life of the cosmos: its consistence, growth, proliferation, generative and regenerative processes; symbol of immortality
Term
Mountain archetype
Definition
Aspiration and inspiration; meditation and spiritual elevation; Goal of the pilgrimage and ascent, often has psychological meaning of the self
Term
The Quest
Definition
Hero undertakes long journey and must perform impossible tasks to save the kingdom
Term
Initiation
Definition
Hero undergoes a series of excruciating ordeals in passing from ignorance and immaturity to social and spiritual adulthood, achieving maturity
Term
The sacrificial scapegoat
Definition
Hero must die to atone for the people's sins and restore the land to fruitfulness
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