Placement of contrasting or opposing words, phrases, clauses, or sentences side by side. Following are examples: 

I am tall; you are short. 
The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.

a noun or noun substitute placed next to (in apposition to) another noun to be described or defined by the appositive. The appositive can be placed before or after the noun:

• Henry Jameson, the boss of the operation, always wore a red baseball cap.

lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.

Language that is discordant and difficult to pronounce, such as this line from John Updike’s "Player Piano": "never my numb plunker fumbles."

She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.

A rhetorical figure in which elements are presented in the order ABBA. It's named for the Greek letter chi (which looks like an "X"). The "X" suggests the crossing that characterizes the figure. Some examples:

This man I thought had been a Lord among wits; but, I find, he is only a wit among Lords.

A direct address is the name of the person (normally) who is being directly spoken to.

i.e. What do you think of this, Georgia?

Figure of emphasis in which the same word or words both begin(s) and end(s) a phrase, clause, or sentence; beginning and ending a phrase or clause with the same word or words.

Example: "Nothing is worse than doing nothing."

Ending a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words.

What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us."

Substitution of an inoffensive term (such as "passed away") for one considered offensively explicit ("died").

poor = economically disadvantaged

Attempting to group words together harmoniously, so that the consonants permit an easy and pleasing flow of sound when spoken, as opposed to cacophony, when the poet intentionally mixes jarring or harsh sounds together in groups that make the phrasing either difficult to speak aloud or grating to the ear.

And lucent syrops, tinct with cinnamon;
Manna and dates, in argosy transferred
From Fez; and spiced dainties, every one
From silken Samarcand to cedar'd Lebanon.

the language, dialect, or style of speaking peculiar to a people or the constructions or expressions of one language whose structure is not matched in another language.

Some examples in English are “no wonder,” “better late than never,” “to lead by the nose,” and “spick and span.”

Inversion is a reversal of a normal word order, with words or phrases being juxtaposed.

Blessed are the meek. (vs. The meek are blessed.)

Good, it is. Strong in the force, you are. (Star Wars' Yoda speaks in anastrophe!)

Juxtaposition refers to the alignment of two terms.

An oxymoron is a the most common type of juxtaposition.

An oxymoron is putting two contradictory words together.

an example of an oxymoron is -: Judges are supposed to maintain an unbiased opinion.

It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.

Running a marathon in under two hours is no small accomplishment.

A sentence structure in which a main clause is followed by subordinate phrases and clauses. Contrast with periodic sentence.

 I found a large hall, obviously a former garage, dimly lit, and packed with cots.

I knew I had found a friend in the woman, who herself was a lonely soul, never having known the love of man or child.

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to a person, idea, or object to which it is not literally applicable.

And take my tears, which are love’s wine.

Reference to something or someone by naming one of its attributes.

The pen is mightier than the sword
The pen is an attribute of thoughts that are written with a pen; the sword is an attribute of military action

The atmosphere or emotional condition created by the piece, within the setting. Mood refers to the general sense or feeling which the reader is supposed to get from the text; it does not, as a literary element, refer to the author’s or characters’ state of mind.

The mood of Macbeth is dark, murky and mysterious, creating a sense of fear and uncertainty.

A recurring important idea or image. A motif differs from a theme in that it can be expressed as a single word or fragmentary phrase, while a theme usually must be expressed as a complete sentence.

Blood is an important motif in A Tale of Two Cities, appearing numerous times throughout the novel.

Where sounds are spelled out as words; or, when words describing sounds actually sound like the sounds they describe.

Remarque uses onomatopoeia to suggest the dying soldier’s agony, his last gasp described as a “gurgling rattle.”

A contradiction in terms.

"cold fire,” “feather of lead” and “sick health,”

Where a situation is created which cannot possibly exist, because different elements of it cancel each other out.

A Tale of Two Cities opens with the famous paradox, “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.”

Use of similar or identical language, structures, events or ideas in different parts of a text.

Hobbs’ final strikeout parallels the Whammer’s striking out against him at the beginning of the novel.

a final form of hyperbaton, consists of a word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted as an aside in the middle of another sentence:

• But the new calculations--and here we see the value of relying upon up-to-date information--showed that man-powered flight was possible with this design.

A long and frequently involved sentence, marked by suspended syntax, in which the sense is not completed until the final word--usually with an emphatic climax. Contrast with loose sentence.

"And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing."

Where inanimate objects or abstract concepts are seemingly endowed with human self-awareness; where human thoughts, actions, perceptions and emotions are directly attributed to inanimate objects or abstract ideas.

The car jumped.

The alarm yelled at me.

the use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause

"Who killed him?" and he said, "I don't know who killed him but he's dead all right," and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Key and she was all right only she was full of water.

The main character of a narrative; its central character who engages the reader’s interest and empathy.

John Proctor in the Crucible

a play on words or the humorous use of a word emphasizing a different meaning or application.

“Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.”

the simple repetition of a word, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words, this is to make emphasis

Today, as never before, the fates of men are so intimately linked to one another that a disaster for one is a disaster for everybody.

one asked solely to produce an effect or to make a statement, but not expected to receive an answer.

Hath not
a Jew eyes? hath not a Jew hands, organs,
dimensions, senses, affections, passions? . . .
If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh? if you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?

the use of humor and wit with a critical attitude, irony, sarcasm, or ridicule for exposing or denouncing the frailties and faults of mankind’s activities and institutions, such as folly, stupidity, or vice.

In the Twentieth Century, satire includes George Orwell’s Animal Farm and 1984 which satirized political situations and the status quo, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World which satirized utopian dreams.

I couldn't find any other definition other than the one for rhyme scheme, which is this:

The pattern of rhymed words in a stanza or generalized throughout a poem, expressed in alphabetic terms.

An indirect relationship where one thing or idea is described as being similar to another. Similes usually contain the words “like” or “as,” but not always.

“The moon appeared crimson, like a drop of blood hanging in the sky.”

repetition of an idea in a different word, phrase, or sentence.

The single characteristic (usually negative) or personality disorder which causes the downfall of the protagonist.

Othello’s tragic flaw is his jealousy, which consumes him so thoroughly that he is driven to murder his wife rather than accept, let alone confirm, her infidelity.

Verbal irony is a figure of speech.  The speaker intends to be understood as meaning something that contrasts with the literal or usual meaning of what he says.  The different sorts of discrepancy between the meaning of what is said and what is in fact on the particular occasion meant with it give rise to different kinds of verbal irony:

Example:  Mother comes into the TV room and discovers her 11-year-old watching South Park instead of doing his homework, as he was set to a dozen minutes ago.  Pointing to the screen she says, "Don't let me tempt you from your duties, kiddo, but when you're finished with your serious studies there, maybe we could take some time out for recreation and do a little math."

two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them.