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| nondramatic, objective verse with regular rhyme scheme and meter which relates a story or narrative. |
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| subjective, reflective poetry with regular rhyme scheme and meter which reveals the poet's thoughts and feelings to create a single, unique impression. |
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a highly formal and rigid14-line lyric verse form, with variable structure and rhyme scheme according to type. It usually occurs in iambic pentameter, and is written about one important subject (often love).
English (Shakespearean)--three quatrains and concluding couplet in iambic pentameter, rhyming abab, cdcd, efef, gg or abba, cddc, effe, gg. The Spenserian sonnet is a specialized form with linking rhyme abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee.
Italian (Petrarchan)--an octave and sestet, between which a break in thought occurs. The traditional rhyme scheme is abba, abba, cde, cde (or, in the sestet, any variation of c, d, e). |
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| elaborate lyric verse which deals seriously with a dignified theme. |
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| un-rhymed lines of iambic pentameter. |
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| unrhymed lines without regular rhythm. |
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| a long, dignified narrative poem which gives the account of a hero important to his nation or race. |
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| a lyric poem in which the speaker tells an audience about a dramatic moment in her life and, in doing so, reveals her character. |
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| a poem of lament, meditating on the death of an individual. |
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| simple, narrative verse which tells a story to be sung or recited; the folk ballad is anonymously handed down, while the literary ballad has a single author. |
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| lyric poetry describing the life of the shepherd in pastoral, bucolic, idealistic terms. |
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| a French verse form, strictly calculated to appear simple and spontaneous; five tercets and a final quatrain, rhyming aba, aba, aba, aba, aba, abaa. Lines 1, 6, 12, 18 and 3, 9, 15, 19 are refrain. |
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| a general category of poetry written to entertain, such as lyric poetry, epigrams, and limericks. It can also have a serious side, as in parody or satire. |
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| Japanese verse in three lines of five, seven, and five syllables, often depicting a delicate image. |
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| humorous nonsense-verse in five anapestic lines rhyming aabba; a-lines being trimeter and b-lines being dimeter. |
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| poetry's rhythm, or its pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Meter is measured in units of feet. |
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| the analysis of the mechanical elements within a poem to determine meter. Feet are marked off with slashes ( / ) and accented appropriately as stressed or unstressed. |
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| a pause in the meter or rhythm of a line. |
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| a run-on line, continuing into the next without a grammatical break. |
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| old spelling of rhyme, which is the repetition of like sounds at regular intervals, employed in versification, the writing of verse. |
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| rhyme occurring at the ends of verse lines; most common rhyme form. |
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| rhyme contained within a line of verse. |
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| pattern of rhymes within a unit of verse; in analysis, each end rhyme-sound is represented by a letter (abab etc.) |
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| rhyme in which only the last, accented syllable of the rhyming words correspond exactly in sound; most common kind of end rhyme (night/skies/bright/eyes). |
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| rhyme in which two consecutive syllables of the rhyming words correspond, the first syllable carrying the accent; double rhyme (flying/dying). |
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| imperfect, approximate rhyme (sun/sea/scud/beaks). |
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| repetition of two or more vowel sounds within a line. |
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| repetition of two or more consonant sounds within a line. |
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| repetition of one or more initial sounds, usually consonants, in words within a line. |
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| the use of a word whose sound suggests it meaning. |
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| the use of compatible, harmonious sounds to produce a pleasing, melodious effect. |
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| the use of inharmonious sounds in close conjunction for effect; the opposite of euphony. |
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| a figure of speech which makes a direct comparison of two unlike objects by identification or substitution. |
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| a direct comparison of two unlike objects, using like or as. |
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| an extended metaphor comparing two unlike objects with powerful effect. (It owes its roots to elaborate analogies in Petrarch and to the Metaphysical poets, particularly Donne.) |
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| a figure of speech in which objects and animals have human qualities. |
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| an address to a person or personified object not present. |
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| the substitution of a word which relates to the object or person to be named, in place of the name itself. |
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| a figure of speech in which a part represents the whole object or idea. |
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| exaggeration for effect; overstatement. |
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| a form of understatement in which the negative of an antonym is used to achieve emphasis and intensity. |
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| the contrast between actual meaning and the suggestion of another meaning: |
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| meaning one thing and saying another. |
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| two levels of meaning--what the speaker says and what she means, and what the speaker says and what the author means. |
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| when the reality of a situation differs from the anticipated or intended effect; when something unexpected occurs. |
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| the use of one object to suggest another. |
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| the use of words to represent things, actions, or ideas by sensory description. |
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| statement which appears self-contradictory, but underlines a basis of truth. |
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| contradictory terms brought together to express a paradox for strong effect. |
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| a reference to an outside fact, event, or other source. |
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| the author's attitude toward her audience and subject. |
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| the author's major idea or meaning. |
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| the circumstance of the speaker. |
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| a song written to praise the coming of dawn. |
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| a simple poem, usually created for singing, dealing with a dramatic episode. |
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| a poem written in celebration of marriage. |
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| a poem or song of lament, usually a commemoration for the dead. |
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| a bucolic or pastoral poem such as Spenser's Shepheardes Calendar. |
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| a poem of religious emotion usually written for singing. |
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| a poem similar to a dirge; a Greek poem of mourning sung by one person. |
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| many forms of literature fit this category; its setting is a created world marked by constant summer and fecund nature. |
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| French poem for light topics; it has 15 lines, with short refrains at lines 9 and 15, rhymed aabba, aabc, aabbac. |
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| a poem very similar to a rondeau, with 13 or 14 lines. |
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| a poem for musical expression, usually brief, straightforward, and emotional. |
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| a poem similar to a dirge; in Greek poetry it mourns the dead and is sung by a chorus. |
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| light verse, written in a congenial, witty, amorous way. |
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| a sustained moment where one character speaks his private thoughts aloud. Other characters cannot hear him, but the audience can. |
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| a brief moment where one character speaks his private thoughts aloud while in the middle of a conversation with other characters. Other characters cannot hear him, but the audience can. |
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| an exalted, complex, rapturous lyric poem written about a dignified, lofty subject. |
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| writing or speech not meant to be interpreted literally; it is language used to create vivid word pictures, to make writing emotionally intense and concentrated, and to state ideas in new and unusual ways |
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| interruption of the narrative to show an episode that happened before that point in the story |
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| hint to the reader of what is to come |
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| feeling created in the reader by the passage |
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| short tale that teaches a lesson or illustrates a moral truth (The Pearl, "The Minister's Black Veil") |
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| pattern of stressed or unstressed sounds in spoken or written language |
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| varied length and arrangement of words to produce a desired effect |
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| overall design or arrangement of material |
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| mode of expression, the devices an author employs in his writing, the way the content is presented |
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| arrangement of words to show their mutual relations |
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| particular choice of words for meaning and suggestion |
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