Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Literary Terms
170 terms for Ms. Danielson's AP Language and Comp.
170
English
11th Grade
01/06/2011

Additional English Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
archetype
Definition

the original pattern or model from 

which all things of the same kind 

are copied or on which they are 

based; a model or first form; 

prototype

Term
hyperbole
Definition

an extravagant statement or 

figure of speech not intended 

to be taken literally, as “to 

wait an eternity.”

Term
ambiguity
Definition

doubtfulness or uncertainty of 

meaning or intention

Term
synecdoche
Definition

a figure of speech in which a part is used 
for the whole or the whole for a part, the 
special for the general or the general for the
special, as in ten sail  for ten ships  or a 
Croesus  for a rich man.

Term
paradox
Definition

a statement or proposition that seems 

self-contradictory or absurd but in reality 

expresses a possible truth

Term
antithesis
Definition

the placing of a sentence or one of its 

parts against another to which it is 

opposed to form a balanced contrast 

of ideas, as in “Give me liberty or 

give me death.”

Term
lampoon
Definition

a sharp, often virulent satire directed against 
an individual or institution; a work of 
literature, art, or the like,ridiculing severely the 
character or behavior of person, society, etc.

Term
aphorism
Definition

a terse saying embodying a general truth, 

or astute observation, as “Power tends to 

corrupt, and absolute power corrupts

absolutely” (Lord Acton).

Term
non-sequitur
Definition

an inference or a conclusion that does not 
follow from the premises. a statement 
containing an illogical conclusion.

Term
anaphora
Definition

repetition of a word or words at the beginning 

of two or more successive verses, clauses, 

or sentences

Term
litotes
Definition

understatement, esp. that in which an 

affirmative is expressed by the negative 

of its contrary, as in “not bad at all.”

Term
oxymoron
Definition

a figure of speech by which a locution 

produces an incongruous, seemingly self-contradictory 

effect, as in “cruel kindness” or 

“to make haste slowly.”

Term
pathos appeal
Definition

the quality or power in an actual life experience 

or in literature, music, speech, or other forms of 

expression, of evoking a feeling of pity or 

compassion

Term
ethos appeal
Definition

the moral element in dramatic literature that 

determines character's action rather than 

his or her thought or emotion

Term
logos appeal
Definition
an appeal to rational thought and logic
Term
chiasmus
Definition

a reversal in the order of words in two otherwise 

parallel phrases, as in “He went to the country, 

to the town went she.”

Term
alliteration
Definition

the commencement of two or more words 

of a word group with the same letter, as 

in apt alliteration's artful aid.

Term
consonance
Definition

the correspondence of consonants, esp. those at 
the end of a word, in a passage of prose or verse. 
the use of the repetition of consonants or consonant
patterns as a rhyming device.

Term
assonance
Definition

Also called vowel rhymerhyme in which the 

same vowel sounds are used with different consonants 

in the stressed syllables of the rhyming words, as in 

penitent and reticence.

Term
onomatopoeia
Definition

the formation of a word, as cuckoo  or boom,  

by imitation of a sound made by or associated 

with its referent

Term
slang
Definition

very informal usage in vocabulary and idiom

that is characteristically more metaphorical, 

playful, elliptical, vivid, and ephemeral than 

ordinary language, as Hit the road.

Term
colloquialism
Definition

characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary 
or familiar conversation rather than formal
speech or writing; informal. involving or 
using conversation.

Term
parallelism
Definition

agreement in direction, tendency, or character; 

the state or condition of being parallel.

Term
staccato
Definition

composed of or characterized by abruptly 

disconnected elements; disjointed: rapid-fire, 

staccato speech

Term
simple sentence
Definition

a sentence composed of a simple subject + verb

structure

Term
compound sentence
Definition

a sentence containing two or more coordinate 

independent clauses, usually joined by one or 

more conjunctions, but no dependent clause, as 

The lightning flashed  (independent clause)

and  (conjunction) the rain fell  (independent clause).

Term
complex sentence
Definition

a sentence containing one or more dependent 

clauses in addition to the main clause, as When 

the bell rings  (dependent clause), walk out  

(main clause).

Term
compound complex sentence
Definition

a sentence having two or more coordinate 

independent clauses and one or more dependent 

clauses, as The lightning flashed (independent 

clause) and the rain fell  (independent clause) as 

he entered the house  (dependent clause).

Term
periodic sentence
Definition

a sentence that, by leaving the completion of its 

main clause to the end, produces an effect of 

suspense, as in Unable to join the others at the 

dance because of my sprained ankle, I went to a

movie.

Term
cumulative sentence
Definition

formed by or resulting from accumulation or the 

addition of successive parts or elements.

Term
rhetorical question
Definition

a question asked solely to produce an effect 

or to make an assertion and not to elicit a reply, 

as “What is so rare as a day in June?”

Term
juxtaposition
Definition

an act or instance of placing close together 

or side by side, esp. for comparison or 

contrast.

Term
figure of speech
Definition

any expressive use of language, as a 

metaphor, simile, personification, or antithesis, 

in which words are used in other than their 

literal sense, or in other than their ordinary 

locutions, in order to suggest a picture or image 

or for other special effect.

Term
idiom
Definition

an expression whose meaning is not predictable 

from the usual meanings of its constituent elements, 

as kick the bucket  or hang one's head,  or from the 

general grammatical rules of a language, as the table 

round  for the round table,  and that is not a 

constituent of a largeexpression of like characteristics

Term
metaphor
Definition

a comparison between two unlike words that

doesn't use the words: like, as, than, or so much 

Term
simile
Definition

a comparison between two unlike things which

uses like, as

Term
analogy
Definition

a similarity between like features of two things, 

on which comparison may be based: the analogy 

between the heart and a pump.

Term
tropes
Definition

any literary or rhetorical device, as metaphor,

metonymy, synecdoche, and irony, that consists 

in the use of words in other than their literal sense

Term
signifying
Definition
to make known by signs, speech, or action.
Term
understatement
Definition

to state or represent less strongly or strikingly 

than the facts would bear out; set forth in restrained, 

moderate, or weak terms: The casualty lists 

understate the extent of the disaster.

Term
antonomasia
Definition

the identification of a person by an epithet or

appellative that is not the person's name, as 

his lordship.

Term
dramatic irony
Definition

irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation 
of a drama and is understood by the audience 
but not grasped by the characters in the play.

Term
situational irony
Definition

an outcome that turns out to be very different

from what was expected, the difference between

what is expected to happen and what actually 

does

Term
verbal irony
Definition

a figure of speech in which what is said is 

the opposite of what is meant, sarcasm

Term
inversion
Definition

reversal of the usual or natural order of words;

anastrophe

Term
reverse structures
Definition
see inversion
Term
asyndeton
Definition

the omission of conjunctions, as in “He has

provided the poor with Jobswith opportunity, 

with self-respect.”

Term
polysyndeton
Definition

the use of a number of conjunctions in 

close succession.

Term
coordinating conjunctions
Definition

a conjunction that connects two grammatical 

elements of identical construction, as and  

in Sue and Andrea  or or  in He can't decide 

if he should stay or go.

Term
subordinating conjunctions
Definition

a conjunction introducing a subordinate 

clause, as when  in They were glad when 

I finished

Term
dependent clause
Definition

a clause that modifies the principal clause 
or some part of it or that serves a noun function 
in the principal clause, as when she arrived  in 
the sentence I was there when she arrived  or 
that she has arrived  in the sentence I doubt 
that she has arrived.

Term
independent clause
Definition

one of two or more clauses of equal status in a 

sentence, esp. when joined by a coordinating 

conjunction, as either The sun came out  or the 

ice started to melt  in The sun came out and the 

ice started to melt.

Term
chronological order
Definition
a sequence according to time of occurrence
Term
spacial order
Definition
of or relating to facility in perceiving relations
Term
cause and effect order
Definition

noting a relationship between actions or 

events such that one or more are the result 

of the other or others.

Term
humor
Definition

a comic, absurd, or incongruous quality 

causing amusement: the humor of a situation.

Term
satire
Definition

a literary composition, in verse or prose, in 

which human folly and vice are held up to 

scorn, derision, or ridicule

Term
tone
Definition

a particular style or manner, as of writing or 

speech; mood

Term
eulogy
Definition

a speech or writing in praise of a person or 

thing, esp. a set oration in honor of a deceased 

person.

Term
farce
Definition

a light, humorous play in which the plot 

depends upon skillfully exploited situation 

rather than upon the development of character.

Term
anadiplosis
Definition

repetition in the first part of a clause or 

sentence of a prominent word from the latter 

part of the preceding clause or sentence,

usually with a change or extension of meaning.

Term
metonymy
Definition

a figure of speech that consists of the use of 
the name of one object or concept for that of 
another to which it is related, or of which it is 
a part, as “scepter” for “sovereignty,” or “the 
bottle” for “strong drink,” or “count heads  for 
“count people.”

Term
syllogism
Definition

A typical form is “All A is C; all B is A; 

therefore all B is C.”

Term
zeugma
Definition

the use of a word to modify or govern two 
or more words when it is appropriate to only 
one of them or is appropriate to each but in
a different way, as in to wage war and peace  
or On his fishing trip, he caught three trout 
and a cold.

Term
rhetorical triangle
Definition

 

logos: claim

ethos: author

pathos: evidence

 

Term
invention
Definition

one of the five steps in speech

preparation, the process of choosing 

ideas appropriate to the

subject, audience, and occasion.

Term
arrangement
Definition

the manner or way in which things are 

arranged

Term
style
Definition

the mode of expressing thought in writing 

or speaking by selecting and arranging words, 

considered with respect to clearness, effectiveness

Term
memory
Definition

the step in the classical preparation of a speech 

in which the wording is memorized.

Term
delivery
Definition

vocal and bodily behavior during the 

presentation of a speech

Term
personification 
Definition

the attribution of a personal nature or character 

to inanimate objects or abstract notions, esp. 

as a rhetorical figure.

Term
prolepsis 
Definition

the anticipation of possible objections in 

order to answer them in advance

Term
definition
Definition

the formal statement of the meaning or 

significance of word, phrase, etc.

Term
diction
Definition

style of speaking or writing as dependent 

upon choice of words

Term
detail
Definition

treatment of or attention to items or 

particulars

Term
classification structure
Definition

the placement of words or dependent clauses

in the order of a specific criteria

Term
division structure
Definition
a structure that is divided into classifications
Term
degree of intensity
Definition

organization based on the pre-determined

intensity of a subject

Term
compare and contrast structure
Definition

a structure that focuses on the similarities

and differences of a topic or topics

Term
allusion
Definition

a passing or casual reference; an incidental 

mention of something, either directly or by 

implication: an allusion to Shakespeare.

Term
imagery
Definition

the formation of mental images, figures, 

or likenesses of things, or of such images 

collectively: the dim imagery of a dream.

Term
sensory language
Definition

of or relating to the senses or the power of 

sensation

Term
Toulmin argument
Definition



an argument that relies on a warrant, backing,

and rebuttal to prove a claim


 

Term
classical argument
Definition

an argument that is rigid and very black and

white in its approach to prove a claim

Term
rogerian argument
Definition

an argument in which two parties must

compromise before the deliberation may cease

Term
discourse style
Definition

a formal discussion of a subject in speech or 

writing, as a dissertation

Term
American discourse style
Definition
a style that uses a claim + proof structure
Term
Romantic discourse style
Definition

a style that emphasizes the "journey" instead

of the "destination", in which the reader

experiences the text 

Term
synthesis essay
Definition

he combining of the constituent elements 

of separate material or abstract entities into 

a single or unified entity (opposed to analysis).

Term
enthymeme
Definition

a syllogism or other argument in which a 

premise or the conclusion is unexpressed.

Term
warrant
Definition

a writing or document certifying or authorizing 

something, as a receipt, license, or commission.

Term
backing
Definition
aid or support of any kind
Term
claim
Definition
to assert as a fact; maintain against denial
Term
reason (major point)
Definition

a statement presented in justification or 

explanation of belief or action.

Term
elaboration 
Definition

marked by intricate and often excessive 
detail; complicated.

Term
call to action
Definition

the implicit or explicit suggestion contained 

in marketer's content in an advertising 

banner or Web site copy

Term
persuasion
Definition

the state or fact of being persuaded or 

convinced.

Term
argument
Definition

a discussion involving differing points of view; 

debate

Term
conditions of rebuttal
Definition

a clause that would cause an argument to

be false

Term
response
Definition

an answer or reply, as in words or in some 

action.

Term
visual argument
Definition
an argument that appeals to the five senses
Term
OPTIC
Definition

o: overview

p: parts

t: text/title

i: interrelationship

c: conclusion

Term
TAGTAP
Definition

t: title

a: author

g: genre

t: tone

a: audience

p: purpose

Term
tonal shift
Definition

a change in tone that marks an author's

change of attitude toward the topic

Term
contrasting tone
Definition

tones with opposing and somewhat

paradoxical meanings that provide depth

and contrast to a text

Term
complementary tone
Definition

tones that have similar meanings which

enable the author to express in depth

attitude toward a particular topic

Term
inductive reasoning
Definition

reasoning from detailed facts to general 

principles

Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
reasoning from the general to the particular
Term
intellectual property
Definition

work that was create by an intellectual which

should not be taken without permission

Term
plagiarism
Definition

he unauthorized use or close imitation of 

the language and thoughts of another author 

and the representation of them as one's own 

original work

Term
observations
Definition

an act or instance of viewing or noting a fact 

or occurrence for some scientific or other special 

purpose

Term
interview
Definition

a formal meeting in which one or more persons 

question, consult, or evaluate another person

Term
surveys/ questionaires
Definition

to take a general or comprehensive view of or 

appraise, as a situation, area of study, etc.

Term
experiments
Definition

a test, trial, or tentative procedure; an act or 

operation for the purpose of discovering 

something unknown or of testing a principle, 

supposition, etc.

Term
personal experience
Definition

experience that one has had, giving them

knowledge on a particular subject

Term
critical mass
Definition

an amount necessary or sufficient to have a 

significant effect or to achieve a result

Term
context
Definition

the parts of a written or spoken statement 

that precede or follow a specific word or 

passage, usually influencing its meaning 

or effect

Term
audience
Definition

regular public that manifests interest, 

support, enthusiasm, or the like; a following

Term
scare tactics
Definition

intimidation approach that is designed to

prevent one's opponent from advancing 

Term
either-or-choice
Definition

allowing no equivocation; being limited in 

choice to two options

Term
slippery slope
Definition
a dangerous and irreversible course
Term
sentimental appeal
Definition

expressive of or appealing to sentiment, esp. 

the tender emotions and feelings, as love

pity, or nostalgia

Term
bandwagon appeal
Definition

a wagon, usually large and ornately 

decorated, for carrying a musical band while 

it is playing, as in a circus parade or to a 

political rally

Term
appeal to false authority
Definition

an appeal to an authority that is false in

order to attack the opposition's argument

Term
dogmatism
Definition

dogmatic character; unfounded positiveness 

in matters of opinion; arrogant assertion 

of opinions as truths.

Term
moral equivalence
Definition

a term used in political debate, usually to

criticize any denial that a moral hierarchy can

be assessed of two sides in a conflict, or in

the actions or tactics of two sides

Term
ad hominem
Definition

appealing to one's prejudices, emotions, or 

special interests rather than to one's intellect 

or reason

Term
hasty generalization
Definition

logical fallacy of faulty generalization by

reaching an inductive generalization based

on insufficient evidence.

Term
faulty causality
Definition

assumption that because one event follows

another, the second necessarily causes the first

Term
begging the question
Definition

logical fallacy in which the proposition to

be proved is assumed implicitly in premise

Term
equivocation
Definition

he use of equivocal or ambiguous expressions, 

esp. in order to mislead or hedge; prevarication.

Term
straw man
Definition

a fabricated or conveniently weak or innocuous 

person, object, matter, etc., used as a seeming 

adversary or argument

Term
faulty analogy
Definition

 an informal fallacy applying to inductive 

arguments. It is often mistakenly considered

to be a formal fallacy, but it is not, because

a false analogy consists of an error in the

substance of an argument (the content of the

analogy itself), not an error in the logical

structure of the argument.

Term
red herring
Definition

something intended to divert attention 

from the real problem or matter at hand; 

a misleading clue

Term
missing the point
Definition

occurs where the wrong conclusion is

drawn

Term
run-on
Definition

of or designating something that is added 

or run on

Term
fragment
Definition
a part broken off or detached
Term
ellipses
Definition

a mark or marks as ——,…, or  ***, 
to indicatean omission or 
suppression of letters or words.

Term
argumentum ad nauseam
Definition

debaters wear out the opposition by just

repeating arguments until they get sick of

the whole thing and give in

Term
argumentum ad ignorantiam
Definition

the fallacy of appealing to the testimony

of an authority outside his special field

Term
two wrongs make a right
Definition

a fallacy in which a person "justifies" an

action against a person by asserting that the

person would do the same thing to him/her

Term
sharp
Definition
distinct or marked, as a contrast
Term
restained
Definition

the act of restraining, holding back, 

controlling, or checking

Term
poignant
Definition
keen or strong in mental appeal
Term
condescending
Definition

showing or implying a usually patronizing 

descent from dignity or superiority

Term
contemptuous
Definition

showing or expressing contempt or disdain; 

scornful.

Term
biting
Definition
nipping; smarting; keen
Term
celebratory 
Definition
to make known publicly; proclaim
Term
commanding
Definition

appreciably superior or imposing; winning; 

sizable

Term
compassionate
Definition
having or showing compassion
Term
stern
Definition
firm, strict, or uncompromising
Term
doubtful
Definition
of uncertain outcome or result
Term
tense
Definition

in a state of mental or nervous strain; 

high-strung; taut

Term
pessimistic 
Definition

pertaining to or characterized by pessimism; 

gloomy

Term
optimistic
Definition

disposed to take a favorable view of events 

or conditions and to expect the most 

favorable outcome

Term
patronizing
Definition

displaying or indicative of an offensively 

condescending manner

Term
wistful
Definition

characterized by melancholy; longing; 

yearning

Term
comforting
Definition
affording comfort or solace.
Term
belligerent
Definition
of warlike character; aggressively hostile;
Term
incredulous
Definition
disinclined or indisposed to believe; skeptical
Term
antagonistic
Definition

acting in opposition; opposing, 

esp. mutually

Term
hostile
Definition

of, pertaining to, or characteristic 

of an enemy

Term
audacious
Definition

extremely bold or daring; 

recklessly brave; fearless

Term
vibrant
Definition

vibrating so as to produce sound,

as a string

Term
hopeless
Definition

providing no hope; beyond optimism or 

hope; desperate

Term
patient
Definition

bearing provocation, annoyance, misfortune, 

delay, hardship, pain, etc., with fortitude and 

calm and without complaint, anger, or the like

Term
brisk
Definition
quick and active; lively
Term
apologetic
Definition

containing an apology or excuse for a fault, 

failure, insult, injury, etc.

Term
mysterious
Definition

full of, characterized by, 

or involving mystery

Term
humorous
Definition

characterized by humor;

funny; comical

Supporting users have an ad free experience!