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| Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or place. |
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| latin for "against the man." when a writer personally attacks his or her opponents instaed of their arguments |
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| the device of using character and/or stroy elements symbolically to reprsent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. |
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| the repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words. Although the term is not used in the multiple-chioce section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. |
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| a direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. |
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| an event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. Also, the manner of expression of such an event or situation may be ambiguous. |
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| a similarity or comparison between two different things or the realtionship between them. |
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| repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetioon and helps make the writer's point more coherent |
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| a brief recounting of a relevant episode. |
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| explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical data |
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| the word, phrase or clause referred to by a pronoun. |
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| a balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses |
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| a terse statement of known authorship which expressses a general truth or a moral principle. |
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| a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love |
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| repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity |
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| commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the ocnjunction is ommitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence |
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| the emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partyl by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. |
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| a writer's intellectual position or emotion regarding the subject of the writing. |
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| arguments that draw on recognized expersts or persons with highly relevant experience are said to rest on authoritative backing or authority |
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| support or evidence for a claim in an argument |
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| construction in which both halves of the sentence are about the same length and importance |
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| often called circular reasoning, begging the question occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim |
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| writer asserts that one thing results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in establishing a logical argument |
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| arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of xyyx. |
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| a grammatical unit that contains botha subject and a verb. |
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| the use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. |
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| shared beliefs or assumptions are often called common knowledge |
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| a fanicful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects |
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| as used in the essay portion of the AP test, this term means that your essay should include details and evidence that relate to the topic |
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| language that describes specific, observable things, people, or places, rather than ideas or qualities |
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| rather than the dictionary definition, associations suggested by a word; nonliteral, associative meaning of a word |
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| repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity |
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| following certain conventions, or traditional techniques of writing |
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| sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a series of details or other particulars |
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| a crticial approach that debunks single definitions of meaning based on the instability of language |
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| the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color |
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| when an essay question uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description |
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| the figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect |
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| related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. |
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| a term used to describe fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specfic lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking |
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| when the reader is aware of an inconsistency between a fictional or nonfictional character's perception of a situation and the turth of that situation |
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| when the writer reduces an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives |
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| sentence structure which leaves out something in the second half. Usually, there is a subject-verb-object combination in the first half of the sentence |
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| when a writer appeals to an audience's emotions to excite and involve them in the argument |
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| a quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of theme |
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| when a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument |
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| when a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text |
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| from the greek for "good speech", euphemisms are a more aggreable or less offensive substitue for a gnerally unpleasant word or concept |
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| an indivudial insantace taken to be representative of a general pattern. |
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| a metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work |
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| the act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text |
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| background information provided by a writer to enhance a reader's understanding of the context of a fictional or nonfictional story |
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| when two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them |
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| a product of a writer's imagination, usually made up of characters, plot, setting, point of view, and theme |
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| a word or words that are inaccurate literally, but describe by calling to mind sensations or responses that the thing described evokes |
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| a device used to produce figurative language |
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| sentence consisting of three or more very short independent clauses joined by conjunctions |
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| this term describes traditions for each genre. |
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| when a writer bases a claim upon an isolated example or asserts that a claim is certain rather than probable |
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| the major catergory into whic a literary work fits |
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| this term literally means "sermon", but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or ler |
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| a figure of speech using deliberative exaggeration or overstatement |
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| a word or words, either figurative or literal, used to describe a sensory experience or an object perceived by the senses |
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| the sensory detials or figurative langauge used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. |
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| to draw a reasonalbe conclusion from the information presented |
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| an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong |
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| variation of the normal word order which puts a modifier or the verb as first in the sentence |
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| the contrast between what is stated explicityl and what is really meant |
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