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| A form of government in which all power is vested in a single ruler or other authority; romanticism attempts to fuse reason and imagination; fuse God, Nature, & the self |
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| Britain bans the importation of African Slaves |
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| Britain abolishes slavery |
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| a set of aesthetic practices that emerge out of the historical and philosophic circumstances of the late 18th century; importantly recognized that something was lost from life, which rationally drove literature's agenda and range of possibilities; focused on Revolution, passion, imagination, and the Poet |
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| Imagination in Romanticism |
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| One of the definitive features of Romanticism that asserts supreme human creative faculty and the belief in the possibility to recreate the world |
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| Historical Developments that Shaped the formation of Romanticism: Revolution |
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| profoundly influenced and shaped by the social upheaval of the French Revolution (1789-1799); witnessed the destruction of feudal structures, the dismissal of Monarch; Poets drew on optimism and sense of new beginnings stemming from the promise of the Revolution; founded on the principle that humans are endowed with endless possibilities toward infinite good |
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| the poet is the new hero, the new human creator; 2 functions: (1) critique the world as it is because people have failed to imagine it otherwise; (2) Recreate the world in the form the poet sees fit |
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| Nature is seen as the framework for elevating human experience, but not nature poets. |
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| integration of the visual and the verbal through engravings and writing |
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| the power of sympathy and freedom from self consciousness which peculiarly characterizes the artist. Asserts that (1) the artist will be satisfied with half knowledge, (2) act of poet becoming so absorbed in the act of creation- he exists within it |
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| "Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world" |
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| Shelley quote; 2 Interpretations: (1) 21st century interpretation- life sucks, a poet can do nothing with the time period; (2) all good poetry enacting what Shelley is suggesting- through words, poets rock the world. Language shapes the way the world is perceived at any moment. |
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| One of the important philosopher's of the sublime; 18th century philosophy (1729-1797); His definition of sublime- things which are in any sort terrible, excites ideas of pain and danger; provided that the observer is in a position safe from danger; powerful, vast in size, beautiful & terrifying, viewed from a distance; ex.) lino in Charlotteville. |
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| East Prussian Philosopher of the Sublime (1724-1804); important for his theories of subjectivity- falls under the category of German Idealism- personal understanding is the source of truth; idealism |
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| developed by Immanuel Kant; philosophical movement that asserted human consciousness is shaped in a particular way |
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| Romanticism's Philosophical Frame |
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| Frame of Romanticism not entirely separate from the social dynamics of the period; reacts and draws on the transformations occurring in social and economic sphere; Ideas of the French Revolution and Idealism. |
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| One of the main strands of philosophy in the 18th century; Suggests the Empiricism cannot explain everything; reaches for totality, tries to explain everything |
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| One of the 2 main strands of Philosophy in 18th century; only through the senses do we know things- exhausting |
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| (1688-1722) Philosopher that greatly influenced Ralph Waldo Emerson; said that you can read the bible and biblical interpretation could reveal the word of God; Biblical interpretation= immediate word of God |
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| 3 Key Emersonian Assertions |
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(1) Supreme importance of the Individual
(2) Superiority of Intuition to Intellect
(3) Spiritual Power of nature and the individual human being |
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| American Literary/philosophical/quasi religious formation (1836-1860's); sserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. |
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| a quality of awesome grandeur in art or nature, which some 18thâcentury writers distinguished from the merely beautiful. |
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| an essay published by Ralph Waldo Emerson; For Emerson the term denotes a supreme underlying unity which transcends duality or plurality |
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| a broad category of Protestantism that stresses free use of reason in religion is good; God exists as one person, denying the divinity of Jesus; religious context of Transcendentalism; |
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| Boer War (South African War) |
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| A war fought from 1899 to 1902 between an alliance of the Boer governments of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State on the one hand and Great Britain on the other, over the sovereignty and commercial rights in these lands; important event because Britain lost; it was consequently seen as the decline of the British Empire. |
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| (1799-1888)Friend of Emerson; a part of the Transcendental Club. |
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| (1853-1856)War fought mainly in the Crimea between the Russians and an alliance consisting of the Ottoman empire, Britain, France, and Sardinia-Piedmont. |
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| A literary, usually verse composition in which a speaker reveals his or her character, often in relation to a critical situation or event, in a monologue addressed to the reader or to a presumed listener. |
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| (1787-1799)Romanticism is profoundly influenced and shaped by the upheaval; witnessed the destruction of feudal structures, dismissal of monarchy; poets drew on the optimism and the sense of a new beginning stemming from the promise; founded on the premise that humans are endowed with endless possibilities towards infinite good- democracy |
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| (1712-1778) Wrote the Social Contract (1762), a foundational Philosophical way of thinking that emerged out of the French Revolution; asserted that citizens should govern themselves through "general will;" promoted liberty, quality, and fraternity; he is seen as the philosophical mind behind the French Revolution |
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| published in 1851; Herman Melville's most successful novel |
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| A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries, characterized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason, form, and restraint. |
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| Artistic concept and style of the late 18th and early 19th century characterized by a preoccupation with architecture and landscape in pictorial combination with each other. In Britain, the picturesque was defined as an aesthetic quality marked by pleasing variety, irregularity, asymmetry, and interesting textures |
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| 1832; emblematic moment of compromise; life got a little better for some people; regulated enterprise and improved conditions for workers; response to the deplorable conditions of workers |
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| emerged to promote reform for the worker's class; fought for annual elections, voting by ballots, equal electoral districts, abolition of owning land to vote, and members of parliament paid; became a significant force and created a tremendous amount of anxiety among the ruling classes. |
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| 1867; enabled more people to vote; established Education Act in which primary education was demanded for all children, in an attempt to abolish illiteracy and end rampant children running around the streets; brought about by a conservative government that lost reelection in 1868 |
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| along with Locke & Hume, he was one of the founders of modern Empiricism;Unlike Locke, he did not believe that there exists any material substance external to the mind, but rather that objects exist only as collections of sensible ideas. |
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| The perception an individual has about a situation or phenomenon; theorized by Immanuel Kant: categories of human consciousness that are the world; certain faculties of the mind that can do certain things; personal understanding is the supreme criterion of truth |
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| transcendental magazine published by members of the Transcendental Club, including Emerson |
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| Of or relating to a category of poetry that expresses subjective thoughts and feelings, often in a songlike style or form; expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet and is sometimes contrasted with narrative poetry and verse drama, which relate events in the form of a story. |
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