Term
| What are the major health problems of adults in America today? |
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Definition
| 1. Heart disease 2. Cancer 3. Stroke |
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Term
| List 4 plant domesticates in North America prior to maize? |
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Definition
| Sumpweed (Iva annua) Sunflowers (Helianthus) Goosefoot (Chenopodium berlandiere) Maygrass (Philaris) |
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Term
| What are the pre-requisites for the Origins of Plant Domestication and agriculture? |
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Definition
| 1. Some type of need (population growth) 2. Wild precursors (maize-trypsocome,teosinte) 3. Suitable environment |
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Term
| 4 major reasons why the health of agriculturalists declines? |
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Definition
| 1. Public Hygiene/Health- human waste exposed 2. Food index shinks- 80% maize= malnutrition a. See this at Dixon’s mound. b. Porotic Hyperostosis- c. due to a lack of iron-Chronic Anemia d. if you are host to parasite further exacerbates anemia e. “don’t put all your eggs in one basket” – if the crops fail you have nothing to fall back on i. Anasazi- drought ii. High winds, other disasters ruin crops. iii. Increased risk of famine 3. Differential social standing a. Quality of life, nutrition, health b. Common class at greatest risk of ill health 4. Overall population increase, Nucleation of settlement • crowd diseases • due to domestication • infectious diseases Also many activities associated with Agriculture cause problems • Irrigation: Cystosemyasis disease • Animal domesticates: Influenza |
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Term
| 4 domesticates from the Archaic – Woodland: |
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Definition
| Iva annua Chenopodium berlandiere (sunflower) (maygrass) (All edible, once wild, genetic change, affected size. Long before maize, beans, squash. Once the trinity reached Indians in the East and the Midwest- Iva annua totally drops out of the diet and returns to its wild state.) |
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Term
| For biological evolutionary change: 3 prerequisites |
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Definition
1. Variation- Genetic mutations; gene flow
2. Natural Selection - differential fertility and mortality
3. Mode of Transmission
• sex, biological reproduction |
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Term
| Match these up with Cultural Change: 3 Prerequisites |
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Definition
1. Variation- innovation
• stirrups, gunpowder, bows and arrows
• discoveries, inventions, diffusion (of musical styles etc.)
2. Cultural Selection
• cultural evolution is an accumulative process, traits emerge and diffuse (carneiro)
• cultural evolution is also (suplantive -one replaces another)
• if something is more efficient it can be adopted (carneiro)
• # of exceptions to this
3. Mode of Transmission
• learning
• certain traits are reversible
• automobiles quickly replaced horse and buggy
• Amish still use them |
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Term
| 6 types of cultural evolution (Carniero) |
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Definition
| 1. Unilineal- Lewis Henry Morgan & EB Tyler • direct line change or stay the same 2. Multilineal- Julian Steward • several paths to evolutionary change • each culture- culture core and history 3. Universal- Leslie White • all cultures- driving force= energy • intensive agriculture is best 4. Differential Evolutionary Change- Herbert Spencer, Robert Carneiro • cultures internally more complex by type and number of integrating mechanisms • examples of integrating mechanisms: skilled workers, markets • primary catalyst is population growth and in turn how population growth fuels change in subsistence growth 5. Descent with Modification- Darwin • population loss and extinction 6. Darwinian Anthropology and Psychology- Don Simon • primary concern of Darwinian anthropologists is reproductive behaviors and differential reproductive success • certain behaviors valued in certain civilizations- then individuals who vary in the performance of that behavior will also vary reproductively • Simons critique: does not think its behavior, thinks its psychological • Design mechanisms: certain psychological products of natural selection o Attractiveness= symmetrical faces o Hip to waist ration for women o Need to be accepted o Xenophobia- central tendency- trust the farmiliar, fear and oppose thos who are different than you o Ethnic markers o Phenotypic similarities- assist those to whom you are familiar o Certain basic taste preferences • Fat • Sugar • Salt • Aversion to bitter tasts o Desire for success NOT PRODUCTS OF SELECTION- CATTLE, ETC. ONLY DARWINIAN IN TERMS OF REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, HOWEVER CERTAIN AREAS OF COMMONALITY – EX. QUEST FOR SUCCESS, IN TURN PSYCH. DESIGN ELEMENT EFFECTS REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS |
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Term
Types of Selection: (according to Low)
At least 10 different meanings associated with word “Selection” |
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Definition
1. Natural Selection –
happens naturally to humans and animals
2. Cultural/Artificial Selection –
plant domestication, maize, dogs
3. Stabilizing Selection
the majority trend persists
stops changing
ex: cockroaches, sharks, horseshoe crabs
cultural examples(old Europe to USA): Christianity, Monogamy,(people in the middle of the bell curve), Kinship Terms haven’t changed much (besides “life partner”)
4. Directional Selection – more akin to speciation
reliance on technology
ex: cell phone, computers- now allow us access to all info
get a new species, a branching off
5. Disruptive Selection – 2 groups within a population
speciation: organisms come to occupy new environments, so you get new species
ex: crickets: originally tropical, have evolved strategies to survive in temporal climates, stay in egg through the winter
ex from our society: American revolution, civil war, anti-war movement
what stopped the Vietnam War?? Massive Protests.
What stopped the Civil War?? End of Slavery
Gun control: guns now allowed in TN bars
6. Sexual Selection- mate competition
peacock- feathers to attract mates, advertises fitness to breed and provide
elk- why do they have such large racks? To butt heads. Form of male/male competition.
Cardinals- the brighter the red, the more attractive
Cultural Examples:
Men acquire wealth to attract women
Women try to boost looks to attract men
Elective surgeries
Colored contacts
7. Kin Selection-
inclusive fitness (concept by Alexander)
invest in those in which you are biologically related
polyandry- less than 1% of worlds culture
2 or more husbands
altruism??? Mostly occurs between kin.
Gift giving, organ donations
Jill Johnson: Analysis of Naming Practices Among Couples with biological children and couples with adopted children.
If you adopt a child, much more likely to use a namesake (family name) than with biological children.
WHY?? A way to tie the child into the family, forging a sense of kinship
Dr. Quirko studied organizational celibacy
When we think of celibate- think of nuns, monks, priests
Looked at content and organization of these type groups and saw a general pattern: early separation of the person from biological kin.
Also induced uniformality, phenotypic similarity
Address each other through use of kin terms- no intimate relations w/ immediate kin
Close proximity to one another all the time.
Sacrifice own reproductive success
Kamikaze
Most young single males, with older brothers
Thinks it will benefit his relatives
Dr. Quirko recently compared this to the Middle East.
Recruited at young age, phenotypic similarities, and kin terms.
SO POINT OF ALL THIS: YOU SACRIFICE FOR WHOM YOU ARE RELATED. (polyandry example of this)
Roberts and Wilson:
8. R Selection- population growth
9. K Selection- carrying capacity
Both related to mating capacities.
Species that exhibit R Selection- individuals small, rapid growth, early maturation, and production of a large number of offspring, in turn- high birth mortality, also mating probably occurs once in lifetime of individual, resources unevenly distributed, resources scarce and unpredictable
EX. Insects, rodents, fish
I think this is K Selection. Compared to Mammals-Mammals: delayed maturity, low reproductive rates, parents involved for a long time, many reach reproductive age
2 environmental settings of R and K:
K- abundance of resources
Few mates, low birth rates, later sexual behavior, high investment
dads
R- low abundance of resources
Early onset of sexual behavior, little parental investment, many sexual partners
Cads
ANYFUCKINGWAY: realize this about humans. Minority groups-not a lot of resources, often poor, exhibit R selection
10. Group Selection- one group or culture enjoys reproductive advantage over other groups
not that important
we would see more cultural/group extinctions than we do
ex. Shakers- pledge lifelong celibacy
we can understand group selection by looking at individuals: ex. Catholicism
no contraceptive intervention
since we can bring it down to the individual level, don’t need to resort to the group
11. Runaway Selection- form of sexual selection, 2ndly directional selection
sexual:
peacocks- easy to see, attack
Runaway implies that its blown out of proportion.
Directional:
But gets out of control
Ex. Plains Indian art in 19th c.
Native markers
Beaded items served as ethnic markers of groups
1890’s- beadworking among w. Sioux and Lakota- exceptionally complex and beautiful
extremely dark years, times of horror
so what do we see produced by women?
Solid beaded moccasins-> ON the SOLE of shoe-> takes forever!!! Why??
Super elaborate. Most needed a sense of cohesion and identity when they were the most stressed. |
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Term
Coxcatlan- 9000 years of culture history
• |
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Definition
1. Ajereado (h-g)
• 2. El Riego- primitive maize
• 3. Coxcatlan- increase in size and kernels
• 4. Ajalpan- large, like modern variety by 3000 BC you have evidence of full time ag, and large cobs |
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Term
| In animals, genetic change in phenotypic traits: |
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Definition
• Tameness
• Herding ability |
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Term
| 10 plants domesticated by Mesoamerican Indigenous peoples: |
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Definition
• Maize
• Beans
• Squash
• Avocado
• Tomato
• Chocolate
• Vanilla
• Bottle Gourd
• Peanuts
• Cotton
• Manioc
• Tobacco |
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Term
| Individuals are born and socialized so they will embrace... |
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Definition
| the goals relevant to their society, and value what is around them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subsistence, food production. Technology selection. Population in/decrease. Status position: personalized skill or merit. Age, gender. Hunting. INNOVATION! |
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Term
| Cultural Evolution Change: |
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Definition
1. Variation - tools, forms, groups, classes, castes, idea, germ theory. Innovation – through discoveries, inventions, FLOW.
2. Cultural Selection – Accumulate traits. Cumulative and reversible. Subplantive – replace older traits. Humoral theory – Hot/Cold – 4 body humors. Iroqouis & Firearms – Firearms=status.
3. Transitional Learning – Horse and Buggy to the Car. Amish. Cultural traits are supplantive and reversible. |
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Term
| Consequences of Obesity - peter brown |
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Definition
| diabetes. Poor circulation. Early menarch. Increase for breast cancer. Stroke. Hypertension. Cardiovascular disease. Brazil |
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Term
| Eaton – Stone agers in the fast lane – early environment diet – |
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Definition
| high in fiber and protein. Low in salt sugar and fat. |
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Term
| Genetic trait among west Africans. |
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Definition
Malaria. – Hemoglobin C. Duffy Negative. Sickle Cell. AIDS
African Sleeping Sickness – Trypanosome – microscopic organism from mosquito bite. Immunity to Afr. Sleeping Sickness. Kidney disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| high blood pressure. Arterial sclarosis. High fatty red meat. Blood clot. Genetics. Shsitome – Thrombose – stroke and blood clot. |
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