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| escape of molecules from the liquid to the gas phase; AKA vaporization |
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| phase change from solid to gas that bypasses the liquid state |
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| molecules in the gas phase striking the surface of a liquid and returning to the liquid phase |
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| pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid phase |
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| independent of quantity; increases with temperature; depends on the strength of attraction between molecules in the liquid state |
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| very weak attractive forces between molecules; evaporate very rapidly and have high vapor pressures |
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| used to measure vapor pressure; difference in height relative to vacuum provides vapor pressure of liquid |
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| increases with increasing attractive interactions between molecules |
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| spontaneous rise of a liquid in a narrow tube |
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| happens when the cohesive forces between molecules are less than the adhesive forces between liquid and container |
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| adhesive forces are less than cohesive forces |
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| adhesive forces are greater than cohesive forces |
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| temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure above the liquid |
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| higher at sea level than above sea level |
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| temperature at which the solid phase of a substance is in equilibrium with its liquid phase; AKA melting point |
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| energy required to change 1g of a solid at its melting point to a liquid |
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| energy required to change 1g of a liquid to vapor at its normal boiling point |
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| attractive forces between molecules; allow for the formation of liquids and solids |
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Definition
| weakest intermolecular force |
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Term
| Dipole-Dipole Interactions |
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Definition
| medium strength intermolecular force |
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Term
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Definition
| strongest intermolecular force; still weaker than intramolecular forces |
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| strength of this determines whether a compound has a high or low melting and boiling point- and thus whether it is a solid, liquid or gas at a given temp |
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| Dipole-Dipole Interactions |
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Definition
| when polar molecules are put together they will align to permit interaction between oppositely polarized portions of the molecules |
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Definition
| to be formed, a compound must have covalent bonds between H and F,O or N |
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| interactions between nonpolar molecules and noble gases; gets stronger in much larger molecules (by molar mass) |
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| the stronger these are, the higher the boiling and melting point |
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| solids that contain water molecules as part of their crystalline structure |
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| named by placing a prefix corresponding to the number of water molecules, followed by hydrate |
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| colorless, odorless, tasteless; high boiling point, high heat of fusion/ vaporization due to hydrogen bonding |
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| more dense in liquid than solid phase |
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| process by which water flows through a membrane from a region of more pure water to a region of less pure water |
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| allow water and small molecules to pass through, but ions and large molecules cannot |
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| passage of water and small molecules across a semipermeable membrane from lower solute to higher solute concentration |
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| the salinity of a solution |
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| a 0.9% saline solution; same salinity as blood plasma |
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| causes rbc's to lyse (swell) due to osmosis; less saline than blood plasma |
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Definition
| causes rbc's to crenate (shrink) due to osmosis; more saline than bloop plasma |
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Definition
| pressure that prevents the flow of additional solvent into a solution on one side of a semipermeable membrane |
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Definition
| process by which water floes through a membrane from a region of less pure water to a region of more pure water, due to the presence of an external stimulus |
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