Term
| What is the defining characteristic of lipids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of solvent is used to dissolve a lipid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lipids are involved in the structure of biological membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| What lipids are primarily used for energy storage |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ contain both sugar and lipid molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the central intermediates in metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ consist of carboxylic acids + hydrocarbon chains |
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Definition
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Term
| In a fatty acid, how would you label the carboxyl carbon, and the carbon adjacent to it? |
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Definition
Carboxyl carbon is C-1
The next carbon is the alpha carbon |
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Term
| A 12:5 fatty acid has _____ carbons and ____ double bonds. |
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Definition
| 12 carbons, 5 double bonds |
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Term
| What is the double bond pattern of commonly occurring fatty acids? Why? |
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Definition
double-single-single-double
Double bonds are separated by a methylene carbon |
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Term
True or False
The double bonds in polyunsaturated acids are conjugated |
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Definition
False
The double bonds are methylene bridged |
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Term
| Are the double bonds of fatty acids usually in cis or trans configuration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do commonly occurring fatty acids have an even or odd number of C atoms? Are they branched or unbranched? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 commonly occurring fatty acids in order of increasing # of C atoms? |
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Definition
Laureate (12)
Myristate (14)
Palmitate (16)
Stearate (18)
Arachidate (20) |
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Term
As chain length increases.....
melting point ____
solubility _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Partial hydrogenation of an unsaturated fatty acid will produce.... |
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Definition
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Term
| An alcohol + ester will produce |
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Definition
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Term
| carboxylic acid + carboxylic acid produces |
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Definition
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Term
| triacyglycerols consist of ____ and _____ which form ______ linkages |
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Definition
| a glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains form ester linkages |
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Term
True or False
Triacylglycerols are highly hydrophobic |
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Definition
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Term
| Phosphorylation adds _____ charges to molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| phosphoric acid + alcohol produces |
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Definition
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Term
| phosphoric acid + an acid produces |
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Definition
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Term
| a mixed anhydride consists of.... |
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Definition
| phosphoric acid + carboxylic acid |
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Term
| Glycerophospholipids/phosphoglycerides consist of.... |
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Definition
| glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + a phosphoric acid |
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Term
| What is the polar portion of a phosphoglyceride? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 major classes of glycerophospholipids? |
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Definition
phosphatidylcholine
phosphatidylethanolamine
phosphatidylserine
phosphatidylglyerol |
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Term
| Name 3 aggregates formed by lipids |
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Definition
micelle
bilayer
liposome / vesicle |
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Term
| How might you extract, isolate & identify a mixture of lipids? |
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Definition
-dissolve in an organic solvent (e.g. methanol & chloroform)
-ad |
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Term
| What are oligosaccharides |
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Definition
| short chains of monosaccharides |
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Term
| Monosaccharides consist of... |
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Definition
-carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone)
-at least two carbons with hydroxyl groups |
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Term
| What is the common formula of monosaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| Left in Fischer Projection = _____ in Haworth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a sugar who's chiral carbon atom farthest from the carbonyl group has the same configuration of D-glyceraldehyde (OH is on the right) |
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Term
| Why is dihydroxyacetone different from other monosaccharides? |
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Definition
| it doesn't contain a chiral carbon |
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Term
True or False
Enantiomers have different chemical properties |
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Definition
False
They have identical chemical properties |
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Term
| Why do entantiomers have different optical activity? |
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Definition
| They rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions when in solution |
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Term
| If molecules differ in handedness only, they are.... |
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Definition
Enantiomers
e.g. D vs L forms of a sugar |
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Term
| If monosaccharides have more than one chiral carbon that differ in handedness at some points but not at others, they are... |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Diastereomers do not identical chemical properties |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of sugars that have multiple chiral carbons but differ in handedness at only one |
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Term
| A sugar with 'n' chiral centers has ____ stereoisomers |
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Definition
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Term
| How any stereoisomers does glyceraldehyde have? |
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Definition
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Term
| If an aldose has 8 stereoisomers, how many will be L and how many will be D sugars? |
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Definition
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Term
| With D-ketoses, every time a C atom is added the number of isomers.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
True or False
The original carbonyl carbon will become chiral when a hemiacetal or hemiketal is formed |
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Definition
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Term
| The anomeric carbon of a cyclic sugar is the carbon.... |
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Definition
| C #1 in the linear form, the carbonyl carbon |
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Term
| The hydroxyl group of an anomeric carbon found on alpha-glucose is pointing.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When dissolved in water, a sugar will undergo mutarotation until it reaches an equilibrium between alpha and beta forms |
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Term
| Pyranose rings are ___ membered |
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Definition
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Term
| Furanose rings are ____ membered |
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Definition
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Term
| How might you detect if a sugar is a reducing sugar? |
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Definition
| When reacting with an oxidant such as Cu2+, they will be oxidized and a red precipitate will form |
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Term
| The condensation of the anomeric carbon of a sugar with an alcohol or amine forms a..... |
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Definition
glycoside
(glycosidic bond) |
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Term
True or False
Only the open chain forms of sugars are able to undergo oxidation by cupric ions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between glucose and galactose? |
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Definition
| Glucose: OH on C4 points up down Galactose: OH on C4 points up |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alpha glucose + alpha glucose |
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Term
| Why are polysaccharides highly branched? |
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Definition
| They have lots of OH groups which can form a glycosidic bond |
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Term
| If a polysaccharide comes from a single type of sugar monomer it is a .... |
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Definition
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Term
| In DNA, nucleic acids are linked by what type of bond? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sugar is found in RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sugar is found in DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| isomers that differ by the shift of an H-atom |
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Term
| OH groups undergo (___/___) tautomerism |
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Definition
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Term
| NH2 groups undergo (___/___) tautomerism |
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Definition
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Term
| What nucleoside will be formed by adenine in a strand of RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nucleoside will be formed by thymine in a strand of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nucleoside will be formed by uracil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nucleoside will be formed by guanine in a strand of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you add a phosphate group to a nucleoside a ______ will be produced |
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Definition
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Term
| At pH 7, the phosphate groups of DNA/RNA are _____ and have a ____ charge |
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Definition
completely ionized
negative |
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Term
| The angles of the glycosylic bonds between nucleotides in DNA create... |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ of DNA makes it more accessible for interactions with protein |
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Definition
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