Term
|
Definition
Complex hydrocarbons that are insoluble in water
Contain no functional groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fatty acids and sterols (Acetyl CoA) |
|
|
Term
| Lipids are defined by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much energy do lipids provide per fram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides energy storage in adipocytes? (fat cells) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some lipid components of a cell membrane? |
|
Definition
| Phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids and steroids |
|
|
Term
| What lipid component act as critical intercellular messengers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lipid soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What acts as a carrier of lipi-soluble vitamins into cells of small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shock absorption and insulation |
|
|
Term
| Major Lipid Subgroups in the Body |
|
Definition
Storage lipids
Membrane lipids
Transport lipids
Sterol derivatives |
|
|
Term
| Storage lipids (nonpolar) |
|
Definition
| Triaclyglycerols- "Fatty acid" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Largest group of lipids. They are phospholipids containing phosphorous. The group also includes glycolipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Steroid nucleus
Cholesterol derivates made from acetyl coA
Examples are hormones and bile acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alkaline hydrolysis of a lipid that creates saponifiable lipids and non-saponifiable lipis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yield fatty acids (RCoo- and an alcohol which is usually glycerol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Long chain of hydrocarbons with a carbonyl group at the end. Contains only single bonds and has the maximum number of hydrogens attached to each carbon.
Often a solid at room temp and have a crystalline structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Long chain of hydrocarbons that have a carbonyl group at the end and contain one or more double bonds.
Often fluid-like at room temp or an oil. |
|
|
Term
| As the molecular weight of a hydrocarbon chain increases the melting point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has a higher melting point? Saturated or unsaturated fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| Unsaturated because the double bonds decrease the melting point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Butter is more saturated
Oil is more unsaturated
Oil has a lower melting because there are less double bonds so it takes less energy to break it apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fatty acid with double bonds beyond carbon #9
Cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from food |
|
|
Term
| Examples of essential fatty acids include |
|
Definition
| Linolenic and linoleic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The hydrogens involved in the double bonds are on opposite sides
Found in fried and processed foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The hydrogens involved in the double bonds are found on the same side
Most naturally occurring fatty acids and cis-fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids are micelles which |
|
Definition
| Have a Polar head that is hydrophilic and a non-polar core that is hydrophobic. |
|
|
Term
| Soaps or detergents need what to work? |
|
Definition
| Water, they act as micelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phospholipids mixed with water that form a micelle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An array of amphipathic molecules whose tails associate with each other, out of contact with water, and whose head groups interact with the aqueous solvent |
|
|
Term
| The IUPAC nomenclature for fatty acids uses the suffixes "Anoic and Enoic" which mean? |
|
Definition
Anoic- Single bond
Enoic- Double bonds |
|
|
Term
| The carboxyl reference system of nomenclature for fatty acids will list two numbers separated by a colon. (16:0) What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| The first number is the number of carbons in the fatty acid chain. The second number tells the number of double bonds in the fatty acid. (CooH is carbon #1) A delta followed by a number/numbers indicates the position of the double bonds |
|
|
Term
| The w- reference system of nomenclature for fatty acids includes two numbers separated by a colon (16:0) What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| The first number tells the number of carbons which starts at the CH3 omega end. A (w-followed by a number) indicated where the first double bond forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Means that the double bonds in the fatty acid first start at the indicated number |
|
|
Term
| Composition of Triglycerides |
|
Definition
| Glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids attached |
|
|
Term
| Composition of Glycerophopholipids |
|
Definition
| Glycerol backbone with 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group and an alcohol group |
|
|
Term
| Composition of Sphingolipids |
|
Definition
| Sphingosine backbone combined with a fatty acid group, phosphate group and choline group |
|
|
Term
| Composition of Sphingolipids that are derived from glycolipids |
|
Definition
| Sphingosine backbone combined with a fatty acid group and a mono or oligosaccharide |
|
|
Term
| Membrane lipids (polar) are composed of 2 groups |
|
Definition
| Phospholipids and Glycolipids |
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids are composed of what? |
|
Definition
| Glycerphospholipids and sphingolipids |
|
|
Term
| Glycolipids are composed of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in lungs surfaction which decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diet
Liver (synthesis)
Adipose tissue (triglycerides) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causes blindness, muscles weak
Sph. lipid involved-Ganglioside GM2
Enzyme involved- Beta hexose aminidase A |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causes liver and spleen enlargement
Sph. lipid involved- Glucose cerebroside
Enzyme involved- Beta glucosidase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causes demyelation
Sph. lipid involved- Galactose cerebroside
Enzyme involved- Beta galactosidase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causes MR
Sph lip involved- Sphingomyelin
Enzyme involved- Sphingomyelinase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Structure made up of isoprene units that start to form rings and have an anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidative type function
Have a scent and can capture light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipids that are constructed from 5 carbon units with the same carbon skeleton as isoprene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Formed when Linoleic acid from diet combines with arachidonic acid from diet.
Can be broken down into 3 compounds: Prostaglandins, Leucotrienes and thromboxanes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with smooth muscle contractions. Found in the uteral wall and prostate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involved in clotting function; thrombosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
By themselves are non-saponifiable lipids
Part of cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| Look over the steroid pictures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transport Lipids (Lipoproteins) include |
|
Definition
Chylomicrons (prebeta)
VLDL
LDL
HDL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Very low density lipoproteins
Pre-Beta lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low density lipoproteins
Beta lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High density lipoproteins
Alpha lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| In a test tube, the more fat a lipoprotein has the more what? |
|
Definition
The higher the lipoprotein will float in a suspension. Chylomicron has the most lipid and therefore the lowest density.
HDL has the most protein and therefore has the highest density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes bad cholesterol and moves them into cell which can cause arteries to become clogged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes cholesterol from tissues and redistributes it. It is good if it is high |
|
|
Term
| Look over the lipoprotein electrophoresis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fredrickson Classification of Lipoprotein disorders. Type 1 |
|
Definition
| Chylomicron is present and no other increases |
|
|
Term
| Fredrickson Classification of Lipoprotein disorders. Type 2A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fredrickson Classification of Lipoprotein disorders. Type 2B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fredrickson Classification of Lipoprotein disorders. Type 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fredrickson Classification of Lipoprotein disorders. Type 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fredrickson Classification of Lipoprotein disorders. Type 5 |
|
Definition
| Chylomicrons present and increae in VLDL |
|
|
Term
| Hyperlipidemias can be primary or secondary due to |
|
Definition
Increased production (Increased precursors or increased insulin)
Decreased removal (Diabetes, renal disease, lipoporotein or enzyme abnorm.) |
|
|
Term
| LDL cholesterol desired level according to the NCEP ATP III |
|
Definition
OPtimal <100
Near/above optimal 100-129
Borderline high 130-159 (cutoff 130)
High 160-189 |
|
|
Term
| Total cholesterol desired level according to the NCEP ATP III |
|
Definition
Desirable <200
Borderline high 200-239
High >240 |
|
|
Term
| HDL cholesterol desired level according to the NCEP ATP III |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides desired level according to the NCEP ATP III |
|
Definition
Normal <150
Borderline high: 150-199
High 200-299
Very high <500 |
|
|
Term
| Premonopausal women not on an oral contraceptive have a higher what than man? Why? |
|
Definition
| HDL because estrogen and exercise keep it high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LDL= TC (total chol) - HDL -(TG/5) in mg dL
TG/5 = Triglycerides/5 which is a representation of VLDL |
|
|
Term
| For the Friedwald calculation to work the TG must be lower than what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Look at pictures of the cholesterol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons function and source |
|
Definition
| Intestine. Transport of dietatry TAG (cholesterol to the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liver. Tranport of endogenously synthesized TAG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed in circulation. Delivers cholesterol to peripheral tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liver. Removes "used" cholesterol from tissues and takes it to liver. Also donates apoproteins to CM and VLDL |
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons major apolipoproteins |
|
Definition
| A, B48 (lipase that breaks ester bonds on TG's), C (I, II, III) and E |
|
|
Term
| VLDL major apolipoproteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LDL major apolipoproteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HDL major apolipoproteins |
|
Definition
| A, D, E, C(I, II and III) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taxi to bring things around |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Processing of proteins prior to the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Repackages cholesterol from VLDL, HDL and LDL
Lecithin
Cholesteryl
Acyl
Transferase |
|
|
Term
| Exogenous lipid transport |
|
Definition
| Dietary lipid enters the instestinal cells and becomes chylomicrons which enter the capillaries and are acted on by lipoprotein lipase cholesteral esterase and becomes a chylomicron remnant which is taken up in the liver by remnant receptors |
|
|
Term
| Look at the pics on page 22-24 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Removal of low-density lipoproteins from blood |
|
Definition
| 75% of LDL is uptaken by liver. 25% is uptaken by extrahepatic tissue |
|
|
Term
| What percent of LDL uptaken by the liver is receptor mediated? What percent is receptor independent? |
|
Definition
Recep. Med- 75%
Recep. Ind- 25% |
|
|
Term
| What percent of LDL uptaken by extrahepatic tissue is receptor mediated? What percent is receptor independent? |
|
Definition
Recep. Med- 66%
Recep Ind- 34% |
|
|
Term
| Lipopreoteins are all composed of |
|
Definition
Interior is Cholesteryl esters and TG's (hydrophobic)
Exterior is Cholesterol and Phospholipids (hydrophilic)
Apolipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| Fats and cholesterol are packaged into lipoproteins in the what? |
|
Definition
| Small intestine. They are packaged into a type of lipoprotein known as chylomicrons |
|
|
Term
| In the liver cholesterol and triacylglycerols are packaged into VLDL for delivery to other tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conversion of VLDL into LDL |
|
Definition
| As VLDL travel throughout the body, they give up triacylglycerols and other lipids to muscle and fat cells. As they do so, they become denser. Eventually, they lose all but one of their apolipoproteins, becoming low-density lipoproteins, or LDL. LDL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LDL receptors on the surfaces of cells bind the apoliprotein of LDL. Allowing the cells to take up cholesterol through receptor-mediated endocytosis. LDL enters the cell in a coated vesicle and fuses with an endosome. The difference in pH causes the LDL to detach from the LDL receptors. Apolipoprotein is degreaded into AA's and cholesteryl esters are converted to cholesterol and all these compenents are then use by the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps clear excess cholesterol from the tissues and returns it to the liver for disposal |
|
|
Term
| The transfer of cholesterol from cells to HDL requires several different cell-surface proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The other proteins are responsible for recognizing the HDL and converting the cholesterol to cholesteryl esters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Several different lipoproteins function in cholesterol metabolism. Chylomicrons transfer dietary cholesterol from the intestine to the liver. VLDL and LDL transfer cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body. HDL transfer excess cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver for disposal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the starting material for fatty acid synthesis and where is it obtained from? |
|
Definition
| Acetyl CoA which is obtained by breakdown of fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| What is the 1st step of fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
| The carboxylation of acetyl-CoA and ATP dependent reaction carried out by acetyl CoA carboxylase. |
|
|
Term
| What is the 2nd step of fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
| The carboxybiotin prosthetic group transfers the carboxylate group to acetyl coA to fom the three-carbon malonyl-CoA and regenerate the enzyme |
|
|
Term
| What is the 3rd step of fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Malonyl-CoA is the donor of the two carbon acetyl units that are used to build a fatty acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Huge enzyme that includes ACP (Acyl carrier protein) 7 enzyme regions |
|
|
Term
| Acetyl CoA needs what to get through the mitochondrial cell wall? |
|
Definition
| Needs a shuttle to disguise it as citrate |
|
|
Term
| One acetyl CoA in cytosol will couple with malonyl CoA to form what during fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
| C5 compound which also releases oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
| When does fatty acid synthesis occur? |
|
Definition
| It occurs in the cytoplasm during the fed state when we are not using a lot of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The breakdown of fatty acids that occurs in the fasting state. beta oxidation in 2 carbon units of acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exercising muscles -> hormone sensitive lipase (which breaks the bond between glycerol and fatty acids in adipose) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fasting hormone sensitive lipase and inhibits FA and TRIG syntheis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates lipoprotein lipase (increases glucose and fat storage) |
|
|
Term
| Look at image on page 34 of packet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-protein Nitrogenous substances |
|
Definition
Most are deposited as waste products. Those are at deposited as waste products will have a *
Urea*
Uric Acid*
Creatine
Creatinine*
Ammonia* |
|
|
Term
| List in order the most common waste products |
|
Definition
Urea
Uric acid
Amino acids
Creatinine
Creatine
Ammonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dietary proteins and body proteins go to the AA pool and can then be separated into pyrinidines, purines, NH3 and keto acids and cretine |
|
|
Term
| Pyridines break down into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keto acids and creatine break down into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deamination- the removal of nitrogen from nitrogen containing compounds |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen deamination occurs via 2 methods |
|
Definition
Oxidative deamination
Tranamination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replace nitrogen with oxygen to form a keto acid which uses dehydrogenase and nitrogen is removed as ammonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transfer of nitrogen between amino acids and keto acids which uses transaminases (ALT and AST)
Occurs mostly in the liver |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative deamination reactions |
|
Definition
Removal of an amino group using a dehydrogenase forming ammonia
Generates ammonia that is removed via the Urea cycle in the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aspartate and alpha ketoglutarate in the presence of P-5-P forms oxaloacetate and glutamate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ALanine + alpha ketogluturate in the presence of P-5-P forms pyruvate and glutamate |
|
|
Term
| Glutamic aicd generates undergoes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of the carbon skeleton depends on the original amino acid and the nutritional state of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown to acetyl CoA or acetoacetyl Co |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gluconeogenesis via pyruvate and rest of TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
| Normal serum and urine levels of urea |
|
Definition
Serum- 5-20mg/dL
Urine- 12-20g/ day |
|
|
Term
| Normal serum and urine levels of Creatinine |
|
Definition
Serum- 0.5-1.5mg/dL
Urine1-g/ day |
|
|
Term
| Normal serum and urine levels of Uric acid |
|
Definition
Serum-3-7mg/dL
Urine- 0.25-0.75g/day |
|
|
Term
| Normal serum and urine levels of Ammonia |
|
Definition
Serum-0.015-0.045mg/dL
Urine- 1.4-4.0 (varies)g/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Up to 40% is reabsorbed by passive diffusion. The exact amount amount reabsorbed is dependent upon urine flow, hydration and protein in the diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
90% through the kidneys into the urine
10% through the GI tract and skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Converts toxic ammonia to waste
Co2+ 2NH3 -> NH2-C-Nh2 + H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elevated level of urea (nitrogen) in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Very high levels plasma urea and renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Before the kidneys (AMI)
Less urea brought to the kidneys to be filtered. reduced blood flow/circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During the kindeys (Glomerulitis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After the kidneys (Infection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meausrement of renal function independent of the glomerular filtration rate |
|
|
Term
| Causes of prerenal azotemia |
|
Definition
High protein diet
Increase in protein catabolism
Congestive heart failure/AMI
Shock
Hemorrhage
Dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease in renal function causes the increase in plasma urea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acute and chronic renal failure
Glumerular nephritis
Tubular necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elevations of urea caused by ovstruction of the urine flow anywhere in the urinary tract |
|
|
Term
| Causes of postrenal azotemia |
|
Definition
Kindey stored
Tumors of the bladder or prostitute
Severe infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Traditionally whole blood nitrogen was tested (blood urea nitrogen or BUN)
Specimen of choice is now serum, urine or pasma test for urea = Urea nitrogen UN
Cant convert BUN to UN by multiplying it by 2.14 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creatine in the presene of creatine phosphate uses an ATP and becomes creatine phosphate which then forms creatine P and H2O |
|
|
Term
| What is creatine made out of? |
|
Definition
| Arginine, glycine and methionine |
|
|
Term
| Creatinine clinical significance |
|
Definition
| Related to muscle mass, rate of creatine turnover and renal function |
|
|
Term
| Plasma creatinine is relatively unaffected by diet,except for meal intake which could alter values by about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased plasma creatinine caused by |
|
Definition
Massive muscle destruction
Decreased renal clearance
Renal disease |
|
|
Term
| Decreased plasma creatinine |
|
Definition
OVerhydration
Decreaed protein intake
Decreased muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| Creatinine is removed from the circulation by what? |
|
Definition
| Glomerular filtration and is then excreted in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| V/T (volume plasma filtered; time) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GFR/creatinine is also useful to determine the completeness of 24 hour urine specimen which is normally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal creatinine clearance rate is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(UV/P) x (1.73/A) = mL/min
U= urine creatinine (mg/dL)
V= Urine volume (mL/min)
P= Plasma serum creatinine (mg/dL)
A= Surface area of patient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LogA= (0.425 x log W) + (0.0725 x log H) - 2.144
W= Measured in kg. H= Height in cm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal creatinine, with a high BUN/creatinine ratio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal BUN/creatinine ratio (both are elevated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High BUN and creatinine, possibly increasing the BUN/creatinine ratio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Final breakdown product of purine metabolism. Comes from ingested nucleic acids or tissue destruction. Conversion to uric acid occurs in the liver. transported by the plasma from the liver to the kideys where it is filtered by the glomeruli and 98-100% is reabsorbed by the proximal tubules. |
|
|
Term
| After reaching the kidneys, small amounts of uric acid are secreted by the what? |
|
Definition
Distal tubules into the urine (70%)
Rest is excreted into the GI tract and degraded by bacterial enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Plasma is fairly saturated and as a result |
|
Definition
| Urate crystals may form and precipitate in the tissues forming kidney stones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urine pH<5.75 appears as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diseases associated with the elevated uric acid |
|
Definition
Gout
Increased nuclear catabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secondary to glycogen storage disease and other congenital enzyme deficiencies
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obtained from the deamination of amino acids that ocurs in the liver and GI tract. Can also be released during exercise
Plasma levels not depedent upon liver function
Neurotoxic and often associated with encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
| Ammonia levels. What is used to monitor the levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will lead to elevated ammonia levels in the body? |
|
Definition
| Inherited deficiencies of any urea cycle enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Reference range for normal ammonia levels |
|
Definition
| 19-60ug/dL or 11-35mmol/L |
|
|
