Term
| What are the functions of lipids? |
|
Definition
-concentrated energy source
-palatability & satiety
-source of essential FA's
-carrier of fat-soluble vitamins
-growth & development
-hormone production
-inflammation & blood clottting
-involved in disease development
-cell membrane & organelles |
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|
Term
| What are the fat-soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Atwater value of lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the essential fatty acids? |
|
Definition
alpha-linoleic acid
linoleic acid |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 forms of fatty acids? |
|
Definition
Saturated
Monounsaturated (MUFA)
Polyunsaturated (PUFA) |
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|
Term
| What type of bond forms a kink in a fatty acid tail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which portion of a fatty acid is hydrophobic, and which is hydrophilic? |
|
Definition
carboxyl head is philic
hydrocarbon chain is phobic |
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|
Term
| At what end do you start numbering fatty acids with the delta system? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| At what end do you start numbering fatty acids with the omega system? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Given 18:2 delta ^9,12
How many carbons are there?
How many double bonds are there?
Where are the double bonds found? |
|
Definition
18 carbons
2 double bonds
Carbons 9 & 12 |
|
|
Term
Given 18:2 n-6
How many carbons are there?
How many double bonds are there?
Where is the 1st double bond? |
|
Definition
18 carbons
2 double bonds
first bond at carbon 6 |
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|
Term
| What is total parenteral nutrition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are some fatty acids essential? |
|
Definition
| humans don't have the enzymes required to form double bonds beyond the delta-9 position of a fatty acid (omega 3 & omega 6) |
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|
Term
| What are the signs of an omega-6 FA deficiency? |
|
Definition
dermatitis
stunted growth
decreased reproductive maturation |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of an omega-3 FA deficiency? |
|
Definition
Decreased IQ (CNS development)
Decreased visual acuity (retinal development) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 20C metabolites of amino acids and EPA |
|
|
Term
| The function of eicosanoids is similar to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are eicosanoids important for? |
|
Definition
inflammation
platelet aggregation
blood pressure |
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|
Term
| What pathways are triglycerides used in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of a triglyceride? |
|
Definition
| polar glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid tails |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of a phospholipid? |
|
Definition
hydrophilic phosphate head & glycerol
hydrophobic fatty acid tail (x2) |
|
|
Term
| What are the source of eicosanoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of phospholipids? |
|
Definition
-membrane component
-form eicosanoids
-anchor membrane protein
-intracellular signaling |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 common types of phospholipids? |
|
Definition
phosphatidyl choline
phosphatidyl ethanolamine
phosphatidyl serine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
steroid alcohols
(monohydroxy alcohols) |
|
|
Term
| What are the structural features of sterols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What proportion if cholesterol is sourced endogenously, and what proportion comes from diet? |
|
Definition
60% endogenous (liver)
40$ diet (eggs & meat) |
|
|
Term
True or False
Free fatty acids are not found in membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Sterols are capable of forming membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of sterols? |
|
Definition
membrane components
bile acids/ bile salts
steroid sex hormones
vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| What effects does EPA have on the production of leukotrienes & prostaglandins? |
|
Definition
-produce less inflammatory versions of the endproducts
-mild competitive inhibition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attract inflammatory cells
cause broncheolar constriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inhibit COX-1&2 (cyclooxygenases) |
|
|
Term
| What do prostaglandins do? |
|
Definition
-increase blood pressure by altering vascular smooth muscle tension
-mediate asthma by altering broncheolar smooth muscle tension
-influence CVD
-control tissue growth & cell division
-req'd to maintain pregnancy
-increase pain perception
-cause fever |
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|
Term
| 18:2 w6 can be elongated _____ and desaturated _____ |
|
Definition
elongated twice
desaturated twice |
|
|
Term
| 18:3 w3 can be elongated _____ and desaturated _____ |
|
Definition
elongated twice
desaturated three times |
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|
Term
| What is the efficiency of EFA conversion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is secreted in the mouth do digest lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are gastric lipases more stable at a high or low pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Gastric lipase is only secreted when food is present in the stomach |
|
Definition
False
it is continuously secreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzymes are synthesized in the pancreas and released into the small intestine? |
|
Definition
pancreatic lipase
cholesterol esterase |
|
|
Term
| What is the 'second brain'? |
|
Definition
| the enteric nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Bile salts are ______ bile acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do mixed micelles enter intestinal mucosal cells? |
|
Definition
| carrier-mediated transporters & passive diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spherical complexes that contain lipid digestion products & bile salts |
|
|
Term
| What form of lipoprotein is 'good cholesterol'? |
|
Definition
HDL (high density lipoprotein)
-high protein, low lipid |
|
|
Term
| How are chylomicrons cleared from the blood? |
|
Definition
| lipiprotein lipase (LPL) removes TAG, remnant is produced, removed from circulation by ApoE interactions with liver receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in adipose & muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is a chylomicron remnant? |
|
Definition
| product after LPL has removed TAG from a chylomicron |
|
|
Term
| What apoproteins does a chylomicron pick up in the blood stream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After LPL has removed TAG from a chylomicron, where does the CR go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After LPL removes TAG from a VLDL, what is produced? Where does this product go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fates of cholesterol in the liver? |
|
Definition
-converted to bile acids/salts
-secreted with bile
-repackaged into lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| Excess dietary CHO and protein results in.... |
|
Definition
| de novo cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the circulation of VLDL |
|
Definition
-synthesized by liver
-circulate to peripheral tissue, TAG removed by LPL, become IDL then LDL)
-LDL delivers cholesterol to tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is reverse cholesterol transport? |
|
Definition
| HDL find cholesterol pass some cholesterol esters to LDL which return the CE to the liver |
|
|
Term
| How is cholesterol eliminated from the body? |
|
Definition
| by conversion to bile acids / bile salts |
|
|
Term
| If there is more HDL present, this indicates _____ cholesterol being delivered to the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you determine the % of daily energy coming from a macronutrient? |
|
Definition
Men: [g of nutrient X ATWATER value kcal/g] / 2500 X 1000
Women: [g of nutrient X ATWATER value kcal/g] / 2000 X 1000 |
|
|
Term
| What are the Atwater values for protein & carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the hydrolyzation of ester linkages
e.g. triglyceride -> 1 glycerol + 3 FA |
|
|
Term
| What is HSL and what does it do? |
|
Definition
Hormone-Sensitive Lipase
cleaves sn-1 or sn-3 FA from the glycerol backbone |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps of oxidation of a fatty acid? |
|
Definition
1. Dehydrogenatoin
2. Hydration
3. Oxidation
4. Thiolysis |
|
|
Term
| How many times would a 10C fatty acid go through oxidation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many acetyl CoA are produced from 1 round of oxidation of a fatty acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many NADH are produced from 1 round of oxidation of a fatty acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many FADH2 are produced from 1 round of oxidation of a fatty acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transporters control influx of phytosterols & cholesterol into blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do phytosterols help to lower blood cholesterol? |
|
Definition
-compete with cholesterol at importers
-impairs cholesterol reabsorption
-forces out cholesterol already in the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 functions of cholesterol medication? |
|
Definition
-inhibit synthesis of cholesterol
-inhibit cholesterol uptake |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common trans fatty acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is partial hydrogenation? |
|
Definition
| converting all double bonds of a fatty acid from cis to trans |
|
|
Term
| What is complete hydrogenation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a high intake of trans fatty acids cause? |
|
Definition
-increased LDL and lowered LDL (blood cholesterol!)
-linked to CVD
-increased inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What does a high intake of monounsaturated fatty acids cause? |
|
Definition
-decreased risk of CVD
-decreased risk of metabolic syndrome
-decreased risk of certain cancers |
|
|
Term
| What does a high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids cause? |
|
Definition
-decreased risk of CVD
-decreased risk of arthritis
-decreased inflammation |
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