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Lipids
classification, structure, digestion, function, metabolic pathways
77
Nutrition
Undergraduate 2
02/11/2014

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Cards

Term
What are the functions of lipids?
Definition
-concentrated energy source
-palatability & satiety
-source of essential FA's
-carrier of fat-soluble vitamins
-growth & development
-hormone production
-inflammation & blood clottting
-involved in disease development
-cell membrane & organelles
Term
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Definition
ADEK
Term
What is the Atwater value of lipids?
Definition
9kcal/g
Term
What are the essential fatty acids?
Definition
alpha-linoleic acid
linoleic acid
Term
What are the 3 forms of fatty acids?
Definition
Saturated
Monounsaturated (MUFA)
Polyunsaturated (PUFA)
Term
What type of bond forms a kink in a fatty acid tail?
Definition
cis double bond
Term
Which portion of a fatty acid is hydrophobic, and which is hydrophilic?
Definition
carboxyl head is philic
hydrocarbon chain is phobic
Term
At what end do you start numbering fatty acids with the delta system?
Definition
the carboxyl end
Term
At what end do you start numbering fatty acids with the omega system?
Definition
the methyl end
Term
Given 18:2 delta ^9,12

How many carbons are there?
How many double bonds are there?
Where are the double bonds found?
Definition
18 carbons
2 double bonds
Carbons 9 & 12
Term
Given 18:2 n-6

How many carbons are there?
How many double bonds are there?
Where is the 1st double bond?
Definition
18 carbons
2 double bonds
first bond at carbon 6
Term
What is total parenteral nutrition?
Definition
feeding intravenously
Term
Why are some fatty acids essential?
Definition
humans don't have the enzymes required to form double bonds beyond the delta-9 position of a fatty acid (omega 3 & omega 6)
Term
What are the signs of an omega-6 FA deficiency?
Definition
dermatitis
stunted growth
decreased reproductive maturation
Term
What are the signs of an omega-3 FA deficiency?
Definition
Decreased IQ (CNS development)
Decreased visual acuity (retinal development)
Term
What are eicosanoids?
Definition
20C metabolites of amino acids and EPA
Term
The function of eicosanoids is similar to what?
Definition
hormones
Term
What are eicosanoids important for?
Definition
inflammation
platelet aggregation
blood pressure
Term
What pathways are triglycerides used in?
Definition
lipogenesis
lipolysis
Term
What are the components of a triglyceride?
Definition
polar glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid tails
Term
What are the components of a phospholipid?
Definition
hydrophilic phosphate head & glycerol
hydrophobic fatty acid tail (x2)
Term
What are the source of eicosanoids?
Definition
phospholipids
Term
What are the functions of phospholipids?
Definition
-membrane component
-form eicosanoids
-anchor membrane protein
-intracellular signaling
Term
What are the 3 common types of phospholipids?
Definition
phosphatidyl choline
phosphatidyl ethanolamine
phosphatidyl serine
Term
What are sterols
Definition
steroid alcohols
(monohydroxy alcohols)
Term
What are the structural features of sterols?
Definition
-4 ring core
Term
What proportion if cholesterol is sourced endogenously, and what proportion comes from diet?
Definition
60% endogenous (liver)
40$ diet (eggs & meat)
Term
True or False

Free fatty acids are not found in membranes
Definition
true
Term
True or False

Sterols are capable of forming membranes
Definition
true
Term
What are the functions of sterols?
Definition
membrane components
bile acids/ bile salts
steroid sex hormones
vitamin D
Term
What effects does EPA have on the production of leukotrienes & prostaglandins?
Definition
-produce less inflammatory versions of the endproducts
-mild competitive inhibition
Term
What do leukotrienes do?
Definition
attract inflammatory cells
cause broncheolar constriction
Term
What NSAIDS do?
Definition
-inhibit COX-1&2 (cyclooxygenases)
Term
What do prostaglandins do?
Definition
-increase blood pressure by altering vascular smooth muscle tension
-mediate asthma by altering broncheolar smooth muscle tension
-influence CVD
-control tissue growth & cell division
-req'd to maintain pregnancy
-increase pain perception
-cause fever
Term
18:2 w6 can be elongated _____ and desaturated _____
Definition
elongated twice
desaturated twice
Term
18:3 w3 can be elongated _____ and desaturated _____
Definition

elongated twice

desaturated three times

Term
What is the efficiency of EFA conversion?
Definition
less than 8%
Term
What enzyme is secreted in the mouth do digest lipids?
Definition
lingual lipase
Term
Are gastric lipases more stable at a high or low pH?
Definition
low pH
Term
True or False

Gastric lipase is only secreted when food is present in the stomach
Definition
False

it is continuously secreted
Term
Where is bile stored?
Definition
in the gall bladder
Term
What enzymes are synthesized in the pancreas and released into the small intestine?
Definition
pancreatic lipase
cholesterol esterase
Term
What is the 'second brain'?
Definition
the enteric nervous system
Term
Bile salts are ______ bile acids
Definition
conjugated
Term
How do mixed micelles enter intestinal mucosal cells?
Definition
carrier-mediated transporters & passive diffusion
Term
What are mixed micelles?
Definition
spherical complexes that contain lipid digestion products & bile salts
Term
What form of lipoprotein is 'good cholesterol'?
Definition
HDL (high density lipoprotein)
-high protein, low lipid
Term
How are chylomicrons cleared from the blood?
Definition
lipiprotein lipase (LPL) removes TAG, remnant is produced, removed from circulation by ApoE interactions with liver receptors
Term
Where is LPL found?
Definition
in adipose & muscle tissue
Term
What is a chylomicron remnant?
Definition
product after LPL has removed TAG from a chylomicron
Term
What apoproteins does a chylomicron pick up in the blood stream?
Definition
ApoC
Apo B
Apo E
Term
After LPL has removed TAG from a chylomicron, where does the CR go?
Definition
to the liver
Term
After LPL removes TAG from a VLDL, what is produced? Where does this product go?
Definition
LDL
goes back to liver
Term
What are the fates of cholesterol in the liver?
Definition
-converted to bile acids/salts
-secreted with bile
-repackaged into lipoproteins
Term
Excess dietary CHO and protein results in....
Definition
de novo cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis
Term
Describe the circulation of VLDL
Definition
-synthesized by liver
-circulate to peripheral tissue, TAG removed by LPL, become IDL then LDL)
-LDL delivers cholesterol to tissues
Term
What is reverse cholesterol transport?
Definition
HDL find cholesterol pass some cholesterol esters to LDL which return the CE to the liver
Term
How is cholesterol eliminated from the body?
Definition
by conversion to bile acids / bile salts
Term
If there is more HDL present, this indicates _____ cholesterol being delivered to the liver
Definition
more
Term
How would you determine the % of daily energy coming from a macronutrient?
Definition
Men: [g of nutrient X ATWATER value kcal/g] / 2500 X 1000

Women: [g of nutrient X ATWATER value kcal/g] / 2000 X 1000
Term
What are the Atwater values for protein & carbohydrates?
Definition
4kcal/g
Term
What is lipolysis?
Definition
the hydrolyzation of ester linkages
e.g. triglyceride -> 1 glycerol + 3 FA
Term
What is HSL and what does it do?
Definition

Hormone-Sensitive Lipase

cleaves sn-1 or sn-3 FA from the glycerol backbone

Term
What are the steps of oxidation of a fatty acid?
Definition
1. Dehydrogenatoin
2. Hydration
3. Oxidation
4. Thiolysis
Term
How many times would a 10C fatty acid go through oxidation?
Definition
4 times
Term
How many acetyl CoA are produced from 1 round of oxidation of a fatty acid?
Definition
1 acetyl CoA
Term
How many NADH are produced from 1 round of oxidation of a fatty acid?
Definition
1
Term
How many FADH2 are produced from 1 round of oxidation of a fatty acid?
Definition
1
Term
What transporters control influx of phytosterols & cholesterol into blood?
Definition
NPC1l1
Term
How do phytosterols help to lower blood cholesterol?
Definition
-compete with cholesterol at importers
-impairs cholesterol reabsorption
-forces out cholesterol already in the blood stream
Term
What are the 2 functions of cholesterol medication?
Definition
-inhibit synthesis of cholesterol
-inhibit cholesterol uptake
Term
What is the most common trans fatty acid?
Definition
elaidic acid
Term
What is partial hydrogenation?
Definition
converting all double bonds of a fatty acid from cis to trans
Term
What is complete hydrogenation?
Definition
saturating fatty acid
Term
What does a high intake of trans fatty acids cause?
Definition
-increased LDL and lowered LDL (blood cholesterol!)
-linked to CVD
-increased inflammation
Term
What does a high intake of monounsaturated fatty acids cause?
Definition
-decreased risk of CVD
-decreased risk of metabolic syndrome
-decreased risk of certain cancers
Term
What does a high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids cause?
Definition
-decreased risk of CVD
-decreased risk of arthritis
-decreased inflammation
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