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| Collection of instructions that control the tasks a computer performs |
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| Software that helps other programs control computer hardware and interact with users |
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1. Initialize computer hardware
2. Allocate system resources to programs
3. Keep track of multiple programs running at same time
4. Provide organized method for all programs to use system devices |
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1. Kernel
2. Device drivers
3. Shell
4. Utility programs
5. Graphical user interface (GUI) |
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| Software program that provides service for computer user |
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| Created at AT&T Bell Labs in early 1970's |
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| To control networked computers that were shared by many users |
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| Linux Drove Unix out of the market by |
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i. Person identifies need and begins writing program
ii. Developer announces project on Internet
iii. Forking – creating new projects based on existing code |
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i. Kernel version number components
ii. Major version number
iii. Minor version number
iv. Even indicates production release
v. Odd indicates development release
vi. Patch-level number |
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| Root Directory (Parent of all directories) |
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| User Sub-directory (Contains files and subdirectories) |
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| Subdirectory where all personal files are stored |
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| present working directory |
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| look, modify or combine a file |
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| Linux Shell-General Details |
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Command program
Accepts input from the keyboard
uses input to run commands or otherwise control the computer |
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Makes it easy for uses to run programs and work with files in linux
Run programs
Pass Parameters to program being started |
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| Default Shell for all linux systems |
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If command succeeds, no response
If command fails, error message printed
I/O a. STDIN-Standard Input-Keyboard
STOUT-Standard Output-Monitor
STDERR-Standard Error |
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| alter command options for future use |
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| display environmental variables |
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| set environmental variables |
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| administrative user that can perform any operation |
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| assigned to users who log into system |
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| collection of user accounts which can be collectively granted access to files and directories |
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| hashed representations of user passwords are located in |
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| User management commands- id |
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| User Management commands- whoami |
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| User Management Commands-groups |
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| lists all groups you are a member of |
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| User Management commands-who |
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| list all regular users on system |
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| User management Commands-Useradd |
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| user management commands- passwd |
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| set/change users passwords |
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| User Management Commands-groupadd |
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| User Management Commands-usermod |
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| User Management Commands-usermod |
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| User Management Commands-groupmod |
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| User Management Commands- userdel |
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| User Management Commands-groupdel |
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| Permissions are granted by |
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| who the owner is and which group is assigned to object |
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| Files and directories have |
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| File management commands-chown |
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| change user and group assigned to file or directory |
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| File management commands-chgrp |
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| change groups assigned to file or directory |
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| File management commands-chmod |
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| File management commands-df |
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| File management commands-ln |
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| link- used to create symbolic (-s) and hard links |
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| File management commands-mount/unmount |
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| used to access file systems |
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| holds file information/unique ID, doues not contain file name |
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| Networking Commands-ifconfig |
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| send diagnostic data packet to specified computer/ verify connectivity |
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| network command-traceroute |
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| track routers between you and destination host |
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| displays arp cache for network troubleshooting |
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| network command ifup/ifdown |
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| scripts that manage singe interfaces |
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| Routing Information protocols |
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| designed for routing packets among networks under your control |
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| designed for routing packets between networks controlled by different organizations |
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