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Linguistics (Exam Preparation)
Essential Introductory Linguistics, Hudson, WashU
50
Language - Other
Undergraduate 1
12/19/2010

Additional Language - Other Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
p
Definition
voiceless labial stop
Term
b
Definition
voiced labial stop
Term
t
Definition
voiceless alveolar stop
Term
d
Definition
voiced alveolar stop
Term
k
Definition
voiceless velar stop
Term
g
Definition
voiced velar stop
Term
ʔ
Definition
voiceless glottal stop
uhhh
Term
f
Definition
voiceless labiodental fricative
Term
g
Definition
voiced velar stop
Term
č
Definition
voiceless alveopalatal affricate
ch
Term
morphs
Definition
think phones
smallest meaningful unit in a language
a sign of language
an association of linguistic meaning and its form
Term
morpheme
Definition
think phoneme
collection of allomorphs
Term
allomorphs
Definition
think allophones
shwah-d, d, and t are three different allomorphs for the past tense morph
Term
free morph
Definition
a morph that can stand alone as a word
a single word consisting of one morph
Term
bounded morph
Definition
a morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word
Term
bounded morph
[categories]
Definition
prefixes, suffixes, and stems [like rasp from raspberry]
Term
roots
Definition
the core meaning of the word
like, in irreplaceable
replace
Term
stems
Definition
anything that an affix can attach to
Term
affixes
Definition
modify a stem
can either change the meaning or change the part of speech
Term
types of affixes:
prefix
Definition
attaches to the beginning of the word
ex. pre-, re-, un-, post-, anti-
Term
types of affixes:
infix
Definition
attaches before the stressed syllable
ex. fan-damn-tastic or abso-fucking-lutely
only expletive infixation in English
Term
types of affixes:
suffix
Definition
attaches at the end of the word
ex. -ly, -tion, -ment, -able, -ity
Term
circumfixation
Definition
attaches on both ends of the stem
2 coordinated affixes that cannot function alone
none in English
ex. chokma --> ik-chokma-o
Term
lexical roots
Definition
roots or morphemes that are obligated by the topic
tend to be fairly concrete
less frequent than the opposite
specific ones are less frequent. will find dog less than...
ex. happy will likely show up in a sentence about happiness
includes stressed syllables
can add to this list with new nouns and verbs
Term
grammatical roots
Definition
obligated by grammar
present, past, future tenses...
pronouns, prepositions, auxillary verbs, conjunctions
tend to be fairly abstract
ex. of
very frequent, but finite
Term
grammatical roots
Definition
obligated by grammar
present, past, future tenses...
pronouns, prepositions, auxillary verbs, conjunctions
tend to be fairly abstract
ex. of
very frequent, but finite
unstressed syllables
closed list
Term
derivational affixes
Definition
change the grammatical function of the word
can add suffixes
includes all prefixes and some suffixes
an open list- aholic is new
Term
inflectional affixes
Definition
not suffixable
do not change grammatical functino of the word
past tense, progressive, plural, past participle, etc.
all these are suffixes, but not all suffixes are these
Term
thematic
[5 characteristics of lexical morphemes]
Definition
presence is directly determined by what we're talking about [theme]
Term
concreteness
[5 characteristics of lexical morphemes]
Definition
they tend to express somewhat concrete meanings
Term
infrequency
[5 characteristics of lexical morphemes]
Definition
individually, they are very infrequent
Term
open-set membership
[5 characteristics of lexical morphemes]
Definition
members of large sets which regularly gain new members
nouns, verbs, etc.
Term
stress
[5 characteristics of lexical morphemes]
Definition
in languages which, like English, distinguish stressed and unstressed syllables, they almost always have a stressed syllable
Term
obligation
[5 characteristics of grammatical morphemes]
Definition
obligated by the grammar of the language
Term
abstractness
[5 characteristics of grammatical morphemes]
Definition
"abstract meanings, having to do with the relationships of the grammar, such as tense of verbs, hearer-knowledge of nouns, and clauses conjunction"
Term
frequency
[5 characteristics of grammatical morphemes]
Definition
very frequent, as a group and individually, certainly compared to lexical morphemes
Term
closed-set membership
[5 characteristics of grammatical morphemes]
Definition
members of sets which will get new numbers relatively infrequently, including pronouns, determiners, prepositions, and affixes expressing categories like verb tense and noun plurality
Term
stress
[5 characteristics of grammatical morphemes]
Definition
generally lack stress in languages which distinguish stressed v. unstressed syllables
Term
function
[3 characteristics of inflectional (grammatical) affixes]
Definition
there's no function change
they don't change the function of the word or morpheme to which they are added
-s, -ed, etc.
Term
productivity
[3 characteristics of inflectional (grammatical) affixes]
Definition
one imagines new uses of the inflectional affixes in new words, applying rules that are already in use. ex. a brand new verb in the past tense would likely still be constructed by attaching -ed on the end.
Term
nonsuffixability
[3 characteristics of inflectional (grammatical) affixes]
Definition
in English, may not ordinarily be followed by other suffixes.
ex. once you add the -s, you're done.
Term
plural suffix of nouns
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes]
Definition
/z/, -s
ex. pigs, cows, etc.
Term
the possessive suffix, ordinarily of nouns
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes]
Definition
/z/, -'s
ex. Hyde's, Saint Louis's, etc.
suffixable to whatever word ends the possessor phrase
Term
the possessive suffix, ordinarily of nouns
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes]
Definition
/z/, -'s
ex. Hyde's, Saint Louis's, etc.
suffixable to whatever word ends the possessor phrase
Term
past tense suffix of verbs
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes]
Definition
/d/, -ed
ex. arrived, waited, typed
Term
comparative suffix of adjectives
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes]
Definition
/ǝr/, -er
ex. quicker, smarter, earlier
NOT finder, doer (these are derivational affixes)
Term
the present participle suffix of verbs
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes]
Definition
/ɪŋ/, -ing
ex. walking, thinking
Term
the superlative suffix of adjectives
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes]
Definition
/ǝst/, -est
ex. quickest, smartest, etc.
Term
the past participle of some verbs
[one of the eight English inflectional suffixes]
Definition
/n/, -n
ex. broken, eaten
Term
morphological fusion
Definition
a word that has two, not neatly separated, meanings
ex. men- man and noun plural
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