Term
Communication
Gallagher (1977) |
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Definition
Communication is interactive
We must not only know what language structures a person uses but also gain information relative to how he uses language in typical communicative situations
Attending to structural characteristics of utterances ignores factors such as intentions & beliefs of speakers & impact utterances have on listeners |
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Term
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Definition
Study of how language is used to communicate within its situational context
Study of effect of context on meaning
The practical use of language |
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Term
| Pragmatics includes the study of how people use language to: |
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Definition
Establish identities through social meaning
Express emotions through affective meaning
Perform speech acts with performative sentences
Carry on conversations with others |
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Term
Pragmatics
Differs from grammar |
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Definition
Grammar-study of internal structure of language
Not involved in how language is structured
Examines how language is used to communicate in varying contexts |
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Term
Pragmatic Theory
Paul Grice introduced: |
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Definition
Implicature
Going beyond what is said
When an utterance can imply a proposition that is not a part of the utterance and does not follow necessary
consequences of the utterance
Implicature are heavily dependent on the _____ of the utterance |
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Term
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Definition
| Grice (1975) believed that conversations were governed by the Conversational Principle |
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Term
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Definition
| The assumption that participants in a conversation are cooperating with each other |
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Term
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Definition
Quantity
Quality
Relation
Manner |
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Term
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Definition
When a maximum is violated an inference is made
Flouting-
An implicature arises in the mind of the listener when the speaker flouts one of the maxims |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the intentional violation of a maxim for the purpose of conveying an unstated proposition |
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Term
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Definition
| Each participant contribution to the conversation should be no more or less than required |
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Term
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Definition
| Each participants contribution should be truthful and based on sufficient evidence |
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Term
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Definition
Each participant’s contribution should be relevant to the subject of the conversation
The speaker will say only what is appropriate to the topic
Be relevant
A violation of the maxim of relations would be to provide irrelevant response |
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Term
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Definition
Each participant’s contribution should be expressed in a reasonably clear way
Be brief, concise, and clear
Avoid vague, ambiguous, or excessively wordy verbiage |
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Term
| Hints that will help listener interpret the utterance |
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Definition
Quantity- “In short…” “In a more detailed way…”
Quality- “as far as I know” “it seems to me”
Relation- “by the way” “Nevertheless”
Manner- “it seems a little confusing” “I’m not sure if it makes sense but,” |
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Term
Speech Acts
According to John Austin (1962) when uttering a sentence we can do things as well as say things |
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Definition
Every speech utterance is a speech act
By producing a speech act a speaker is performing an action
I quit! |
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Term
| According to Austin, a Speech Act must: |
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Definition
Involve the appropriate persons
Involve appropriate circumstances
Be complete
Be correctly executed by all participants
Contain the appropriate intentions of all participants
Not all Speech acts perform an act- opinion |
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Term
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Definition
Locutionary Act- the act of saying something
Illocutionary Act- the act of doing something |
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Term
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Definition
Uttering a sentence from a language
The description of what the speaker says
Usually includes noun phrase and verb phrase to express a proposition
You must stop smoking |
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Term
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Definition
What the speaker does
John Searle (1979) said that there is an endless number of illocutionary acts |
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Term
| Illocutionary acts include: |
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Definition
| Statements, assertions, denials, requests, commands, warnings, promises, vows, offers, apologies, thanks, condolences, appointments, naming, resignations, ect. |
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Term
| Searle (1976) attempted to classify illocunary acts |
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Definition
Representative
Directive
Question
Commissive
Expressive
Declarative |
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Term
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Definition
Describes a state of affairs
Includes: stating, asserting, denying, confessing, admitting, notifying, concluding, predicting |
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Term
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Definition
An utterance used to try to get the hearing to do something
Includes: requesting, ordering, forbidding, warning, advising, suggesting, insisting, recommending |
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Term
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Definition
An utterance used to get the hearer to provide information
Includes: asking, inquiring |
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Term
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Definition
An utterance used to committee the speaker to do something
Includes: promising, vowing, volunteering, offering, guaranteeing, pledging, betting |
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Term
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Definition
An utterance used to express the emotional state of the speaker
Includes: apologizing, thanking, congratulating, condoling, welcoming, deploring, objecting |
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Term
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Definition
An utterance used to change the status of some entity
Includes: appointing, naming, resigning, baptizing, surrendering, excommunicating, arresting |
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Term
Felicity conditions
As outlined by Austin: |
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Definition
Conditions that help us account for the relationship between specific illocutionary acts within the same category
Participants and circumstances must be appropriate
The act must be completed correctly
Participants must have appropriate intentions |
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Term
| Examples of Felicity conditions |
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Definition
Representatives: can be an assertion or lie
Directives: can be a request of order
Commissive: can be a promise or a threat |
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Term
| Austin realized English contains a set of verbs that name the illocutionary act of the verb |
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Definition
Illocutionary force= illocutionary act
When used under the right circumstances, the sentence performs the act expressed by the named verb |
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Term
Performative verbs
Verbs that performs the act they name
A performative verb has performative sense when: |
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Definition
It’s positive
It is used in the present tense
It has a first person agent
It refers to a specific event |
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Term
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Definition
Describe a voluntary act
Describes an act that can only be performed with words
Can be used with the performative indicator hereby
Not all verbs are performative- I know a lot, I insult you |
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Term
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Definition
Describes an utterance that contains a performative verb used in the performative senses
I deny |
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Term
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Definition
An utterance not containing a performative verb used in the performative sense
I did not |
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Term
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Definition
A directive that is delivered by using an imperative sentence
Imperative sentence- request or demand that action be performed
May appear to be abrupt |
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Term
| Indirect Illocutionary Act |
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Definition
A directive that is delivered by a sentence type other than an imperative
Issued indirectly when the syntactic form of the sentence does not match the illocutionary force of the utterance
I like it when you’re quiet |
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Term
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Definition
The propositional content of the utterance
The surface meaning of an utterance
Follows the performative verb in an explicit performative
If the entire utterance is a nonexplicit performative
The propositional content can be expressed or implied |
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Term
| Expressed Locutionary act |
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Definition
The utterance actually expresses the propositional content of the illocutionary act
The expressed locutinary act predicts a future act of the hearer
I warn you to stop smoking |
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Term
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Definition
The utterance does not express the propostional content of the illocutionary act involved
The hearer must infer the propostional content
Flouting the maximum of relation |
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Term
| Expressed and Implied Locutionary acts are not always obvious |
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Definition
A single utterance can contain an implied locution in one instance and an expressed locution in another
Do you have a watch |
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Term
| Implied Locutionary acts serve the function as indirect illocutionary acts |
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Definition
Both allows the speaker to be more polite
Polite= less direct |
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Term
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Definition
| An utterance that means exactly what is said |
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Term
| Nonliteral Locutionary act |
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Definition
An utterance that does not mean exactly what is said
Literal interpretation is either impossible or absurd |
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