Term
Syntax
Derived from Greek elements |
|
Definition
Syn-together
Tax-arranging
Arranging of words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The arrangement of words and morphemes in the construction of sentences
The study of phrases, clauses, sentences
The way in which the subconscious rules and categories possess by an individual can be used to construct sentences
Deals with the interrelationship of elements that make up the sentence
Deals with how different rules of sentences constriction are used to develop statements, questions, commands ect
People apply the rules of their language automatically
Use of syntax is usually obligatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Words are organized into different categories (parts of speech)
Plato first introduced the terms, noun, verb and sentence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Names of things
Person
Place
Thing
Idea- pride, discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nouns can be made plural
Articles modify (describe) nouns-a ball, the ball
Possessives modify nouns-my ball, his ball
Demonstratives modify nouns- this ball, some ball
Word order helps in noun recognition- he trains seals, he seals trains |
|
|
Term
| Nouns can be recognized by noun suffixes |
|
Definition
-ment, -ity, -or, -ism
-ness, -ance, -ence
-er , -ure, -al, -ion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Show action
Indicate a state of being
Conveys a perception through sense
Tells what a subject does and what is done to the subject
A complete sentence always contains a verb
Indentifying the very allows you to identify other parts of speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All forms of the verb to be
Been, do, can, should, had, could, would |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun
Provides descriptive information |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of an adjective |
|
Definition
Lack plural form
Can be compound
Can be modified by other words
Articles are most frequently used adjective
Some pronouns act as adjectives in sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positive- describes a person, place or thing without making comparison
Comparative- compares 2 persons, places or things
Superlative- compares 3 or more persons, places or things
Intensifiers- words that modify other modifiers- tell “to
what extent”-very rarely, too, quite, rather |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -y, -ful, -less, -en, -able, -ible, -ive, -ous, -ish, -al, -ic, -ary, -some, -ly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb
Tells how, how much, who, what, when, where, why, to what extent, to what degree, with what results, or with what concessions
Some adverbs end in –ly~~ nervously, silently
Adverbs show degree of comparison |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positive- I talk fast
Comparatives- I talk faster in the evening than in the morning
Superlative- I talk fastest when I’m on the phone |
|
|
Term
Nouns, verbs, adjective, adverb: a class of English words
Subject: function, how the word is used in a sentence |
|
Definition
The main actor in the sentence
Often the noun is the subject
The subject can also be a pronoun- he, she, and it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A sentence with one subject and one predicate
The dog ran away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Made up of at least 2 simple sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction or punctuation
The dog and the cat ran away |
|
|
Term
| Coordinating conjunction= and |
|
Definition
Words in English must appear in order
Cannot be random |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elements that stand between words and sentences
Principle that govern the sequence of a sentence
Specify 3 types of information
1. The left to right ordering of the elements
2. Which elements are permitted in a particular type of phrase
3. Any optional elements |
|
|
Term
| Each PS rule contain 2 basic parts |
|
Definition
1. Information to the left of the arrow specifies that phrasal category being described
2. Information to the right of the arrow describes the items that compose the phrasal category
S -> NP-VP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
N-noun
NP-noun Phrase
V-verb
VP-verb phrase
AP-adjective phrase
PP-prepositional phrase
DET- determiner
I-Intensifier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S -> NP-VP
NP -> (det)- (AP) –N- (PP)
VP -> v- ({NP})-(PP)
VP -> V({VP})-(PP)
AP -> (I) –adj
PP -> prep-NP |
|
|
Term
Words to the left to right ordering
Words in sentences are arranged in a hierarchical structure
Sentence structures are related by transformations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sentences contain phrases: |
|
Definition
Phrase: any constituent of a clause
Constituents: units being combined to create larger syntactic constructions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Must contain a noun
May by proceeded by a determiner, adjective phrase, or bother and may be followed by a prepositional phrase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Must contain a verb
May be followed by a noun, adjective phrase or neither any may end in a prepositional phrase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Must contain adjective
May be preceded by an intensifier
Modify nouns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Must contain an adverb
Might include other adverbs and adjectives phrases or phrases
Modify verbs in: frequency, duration, time, manner, purpose |
|
|
Term
Frequency- they eat apples every day
Duration- the students for the last 5 days
Time- Bill will be here at 3’0clock
Purpose: You should do it this way
Manner- Billy brought his report card home to show his father |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contain a preposition followed by a noun
The farmer from Iowa is going into the store
Pp -> (NP)-DET-N-PP-(VP)-V-V-PP-(NP)-DET-N |
|
|
Term
| Most common sentence types |
|
Definition
Declarative-sentences that make a statement
Interrogative- sentence that ask a question
Imperative- sentence that express a command or make a request
Exclamatory-sentences that show strong emotion or sudden feeling
Negative- sentences that express denial, refusal, or the opposite of something positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Voice- relationship that a verb has with a subject and object in the sentence
Active- subject of the verb carries out the activity
Passive- subject received action of the verb |
|
|
Term
Tree diagrams
Based on PS rules |
|
Definition
Allows us to visualize how the components in a phrase are related
Allows us to see interrelationships between components
Constrains nodes-branching points
System of rules (grammars) are written to describe set of tress
Each rule is a building block
Any tree that can be constructed from these building blocks is in the set of trees described by the grammar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ability to repeat 2 types of phrases by embedding them in each other
Allows each type of phrase to directly dominate the other type
Allows speakers of English to produce phrases that are infinitely long |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The function nouns, pronouns, and adjectives within a sentence and the relationship of these words to verbs, and other words within sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When the constituents of a sentence can be organized in more than one way
Multiple meanings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wrote syntactic structures
Language learned is motivated by internal capacity to acquire language
This capacity evolved into a general human universal innate ability to learn and analyze linguistic information
Children can learn any language even with minimum input from the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blueprint to language rules |
|
|
Term
| While prior linguistic emphasized surface structure grammar, Chomsky emphasized deep underlying structures |
|
Definition
Surface structures- what exist after transformations have been applied
An actual utterance that can be broken down by conventional methods of syntactic analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the structure exists before any transformation have applied
Highly abstract level that represents the basic meaning of a sentence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an operation that moves a lexical or phrasal category from one location to another within the structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relates the spoken form of sentences (surface) to their underlying meaning (deep structure) |
|
|
