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| What is linguistic theory? |
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Definition
A set of categories and principles developed by linguists that can explain language behaviors
The study of psychological underpinnings of language production and comprehension |
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| The internalized, unconscious knowledge that enable a speaker to produce and understand utterances in his native language |
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| Linguistic theory allows us to |
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| Study knowledge that we are not consciously aware of |
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| Determine the rules of language that individuals use to communicate by examining patterns of language behavior-generate opportunities to be tested |
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Concerned with describing language symbols
Attempt to state the rules that language symbols follow to form language structures |
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| Two specialized areas for linguists |
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Psycholinguistics- study of the way people acquire and process language
Sociolinguistics- study of language within a cultural context |
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| A complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought and communication |
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| Language is not easily accessible |
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Definition
Knowledge of language is primarily unconscious
Cannot be examined directly
Evolves
Is rule governed behavior |
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| Language learning and use are determined by |
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Definition
The intervention of biological, cognitive, psychological, environmental factors
Effective use requires broad understandings-rules, roles, motivation |
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| Since language must be examined indirectly, linguistic use a number of methods to infer properties of the language system: look at |
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Definition
Language changes
Language pathologies
Language universals
Investigate speaker’s judgments |
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| Linguist compare different historical stages in the development of language and attempt to infer which properties of language can account for the changes |
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| Linguists compare normal language output with language output from aphasic patients to determine which properties might account for the abnormal output |
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Definition
| Linguists ask native speakers of a language a set of questions about their language in an attempt to infer the properties of the linguistic system |
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| The linguist uses direct observation judgments to draw inferences about the unobserved based upon language behaviors that can be observed |
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Definition
Linguists can construct a theory of the language system under study
One type of data used: judgments of informants |
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Definition
A behavior that affects the behavior of others by the transmission of information
In order to communicate, a receiver must detect a sender’s message
The message is placed into a code |
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| Complex pattern of association of units of a communication system |
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Sounds, words, phrases, clauses, sentences
All codes have rules |
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Definition
| Putting a message into a code |
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Rules of codes are preprogrammed and species specific
Language is a code used by humans |
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Definition
There are universal aspects of all languages that are innate specific languages are learned
The potential of acquire a language is innate-nature vs nurture |
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| Humans have a genetic potential to learn to encode their messages by acquiring the grammer of their language |
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Definition
| When the receiver decodes a message communication has taken place |
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| To react to in a way that reflects the reason that the sender encoded it |
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| Some nonhuman primate’s posses limited ability to grasp basic aspects of grammar |
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| Noam Chompsky –psycholinguists |
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Definition
Biological basis for language acquisition
Humans are specially pre-wired for language
There is little need for the environment
Language is ability that human possess |
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Term
Language
Acquiring a language involves acquiring: |
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Definition
Phonological system of that language
Lexicon of the language
Morphological rules of the language
Syntax of the language
Semantics of the language |
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| Rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables |
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| Internal organization of words |
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| Rules governing how sentences are constructed and related to each other |
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| Rules governing meaning or content of words and word combinations |
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| A language users underlying knowledge about the rules of grammar (lexicon) |
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Definition
| The application of linguistic competence to actually produce an utterance-actual use |
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