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| Sounds of a particular language |
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| how sounds are included to form words |
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put together from phonemes
o Chair – Morpheme (content morpheme)
o Chairs – Plural Morpheme
o Talked – Past tense morpheme (grammar morpheme) |
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| Words and parts of words arranged in a particular order |
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| Meanings of words sentences and texts. |
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Things we do with language
• Do you have a pencil?
o Request |
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When you relate something back to something else
• The boy ate the ice cream. Then he (Pronoun implies relationship to previous statement) threw up. |
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| How languages change over time |
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| The teaching of a language to others who haven’t learned it before (second language) |
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| Difference between PREscriptive grammar and DEscriptive grammar |
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PRE - “Ought to” say, proper grammatical, standard English
DE - Describing what we do with the language |
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| wrote the first book on descriptive grammar of English 1940. (used tape recorded telephone conversations) |
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• Introspection
• Ideal speaker-listener
• Competence – Knowledge of language
Also says that all language speakers have three skills
• Paraphrase
• Grammaticality
• Disambiguate
• Performance – General use and application of language...Degeneracy – When we use language in performance it’s degenerate (semi-grammatical) |
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• Stranding a preposition at the end of a sentence
• Fronting a prepositional phrase in the beginning
o Children front and strand when they begin to learn English. Then as they get older, just strand. |
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| Examining someone’s language as it was up until a point |
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| Studying language as it is today or at any given time. |
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| tried to find the origin of language by putting two kids in a room and seeing what language they come up with. |
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| There was one language, God said "no way jose" and split everyone up so they made different languages. |
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• Rationalist which means he focused (like Chomsky) on introspection.
• Thought language was innate function in humans. |
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John Locke, Pavlov focuses on
o Senses
o Experience
o Tabula rasa
o Scientific Method |
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| pertaining to the act of conveying semantic content in an utterance, considered as independent of the interaction between the speaker and the listener. |
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| pertaining to a linguistic act performed by a speaker in producing an utterance, as suggesting, warning, promising, or requesting. |
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| (of a speech act) producing an effect upon the listener, as in persuading, frightening, amusing, or causing the listener to act. |
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| is the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.—to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from one's own. Includes the ideas of having intention when saying something, and the ability to pay attention when someone is saying something. |
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(You do them as you say them)
• Promise
• Disagree
• Declare
• Admit
• Apologize
• Warn
• Insist
• Pronounce |
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| is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior. Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning (also called respondent conditioning, or Pavlovian conditioning) in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behavior" or operant behavior. (Skinner, reinforcement) |
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| a language that everyone speaks or an abstract language entity that everyone has |
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Features that languages share
• Double articulation
• Aspiration |
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Differences between animals and humans
o Reason – rule govern patterns in language
o Soul – animals not having theory of mind.
o They have vocal chords to make noises that can make sounds similar to humans, but they don’t. Organs. |
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| is a difference between human language and animal language. Animals lack this. They might be able to communicate that there is a leopard, but not the distance of the leopard. (10 feet away or twenty miles example) |
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Structuralism states that human culture is to be understood as a system of signs.
• C.C. Fries
o Structure of American English |
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Part of Behaviorism
much more concerned about what describing what actually is than why.
Describe what we observe.
Doesn’t describe how we arrive at things.
Not concerned with internal processes only external manifestations |
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Explaining how do we arrive at the construction "do you know john?"
Intuition – (unconscious) whether something sounds right or not. Now we have a way of testing hypothesis.
Introspection – a conscious effort to explain how you get to something |
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| As a child you have the capacity to acquire any language |
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| Nominalizations/paraphrasing nominalizations |
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Is a tool used to deconstruct and store information.
o 1. Car salesman – person who sells cars
o 2. Apple pie – pie containing apples
o 3. School crossing – place where children cross the road to get to school
o 4. Deer crossing – place where deer cross
o 5. Success formula
o 6. Shark bait – bait for shark
o 7. Door bell – bell for your door |
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Phrase and Paraphrase
o To see whether all speakers have the same competence (a theory of Chomsky)
Three Results
1. Communication may be an illusion
2. Core speakers – speak the basics of the language
3. Penumbral speaker – have more sophisticated version of the language. |
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