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Linguistics Vocabulary (Chapter 15 and 16)
Essential Introductory Linguistics, Hudson, WashU
26
Language - Other
Undergraduate 1
11/01/2010

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Cards

Term
clipping
Definition
taking a part of the word
ex. Prof from Professor
ex. Math from mathematics
nicknames...
usually have a stressed syllable, take from the beginning, use two syllables or one big one
abbreviations fit here
ex. Tex for Texas, Dr. for Doctor
Term
acronyming
Definition
making acronyms from phrases
Term
word acronyms
Definition
if you make a word from the letters
NASA, MADD, DUC, laser, sonar, scuba, Wustl
acronyms that syllabify easily
Term
spelling acronyms, initialisms
Definition
if you say the letters when you use the acronym
ex. TLC, TMI, NBC, HIV, BLT, BBC, CBS, TCC, ID
Term
blending
Definition
the first part of one word, second part of another
spork < spoon fork
spam < spiced ham
chunnel < channel tunnel
Term
wrong cutting
Definition
misanalysis of morpheme boundaries
ex. an apron - a napron
lariat - la reata
alligator - el lagato
Term
invention
Definition
brand spanking new word
turns out, they're hard to come by
xerox, dacron, teflon, grock, google [the number, not the site], geek
Term
borrowing
Definition
when you take a word [loanword] directly from another language and nativize it- usually a sign that a word is borrowed is when the stress patterns change

ex. bagel, genre, tortilla, tobacco, buckaroo, etc.
Term
derivation
Definition
affixes
when affixes added to a word in a new way
govern- government was new in its day
Term
zero derivation/functional shift
Definition
when an old word takes on a new meaning
ex. from butter [the noun- pass the butter] to butter [the verb- butter the toast]

ex. from Rick Roll [the musician] to Rick Roll [being Rick Rolled- verb]
Term
compounding
Definition
putting together old words for a new meaning
ex. green-house, skate-board, dry-clean, light-bulb
Term
extension
Definition
widening or extending the appropriate usage of a word
ex. from the color to the overall representation of communism or socialism
ex. silverware- from cutlery actually made of silver to ... cutlery
Term
narrowing
Definition
when something goes from a broader meaning to a more... one
doctor- from a higher degree in any field to a medical degree
band- from a group of people, regardless of affiliation, to a musical group
Term
bifurcation
Definition
two words with similar meanings that are further separated by convention, as language rarely likes exact synonyms
ex. past tense of hang
--> hanged (narrowed to the meaning of executed by hanging)
--> hung (separated into the general past tense of hang)
Term
back-formation
Definition
a word is assumed to be in existence where there was none before
ex. computer gave way to compute, even though, though the assumption was that a computer was a machine that computed, there was no word "compute"
same with television and "televise"
Term
openness
Definition
concerns the fact that all languages continually get new morphemes
Term
principle of limited novelty
Definition
new meanings are preferred in old forms, and new forms are preferred in old meanings
Term
two-level word acronyms
Definition
word acronyms specifically constructed so as to create another connotation
ex. NOW: National Organization of Women, which also suggests that the group is getting impatient
Term
etymology
Definition
the origin, or the study of the origin, of words
Term
metaphor
Definition
an implicit comparison based upon the obvious similarities between the meanings of words
Term
lateral shift
Definition
neither elevation nor pejoration of meaning
when something was extended to include a certain meaning, then narrowed to only mean that thing
Term
pejoration
Definition
a shift toward a more unpleasant or negative meaning
Term
euphemism
Definition
the extension of ordinary words and phrases to express unpleasant or embarrassing ideas
Term
homonyms
Definition
words that sound the same having two meanings
[bi]- be, bee
Term
one form/one meaning principle
Definition
there's a theory that generally, each will correspond one on one
Term
synonyms
Definition
one meaning having two forms, like twelve and dozen
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