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Definition
| Research that investigates and compares subjects selected from different developmental stages. |
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| A type of naturalistic investigation in which a researcher (often a parent)keeps daily notes on a child's linguistic progress. |
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| Studies in child language in which researchers make use of specially designed tasks to elicit linguistic activity relevant to a particular phenomenon. |
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| The mental system of rules and categories that allows humans o form and interpret the words and sentences of their language |
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| Studies that examine language development over an extended period of time. |
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| An approach to investigating child language in which researchers observe and record children's spontaneous behavior. |
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| Speech-like sounds produced as babies acquire and exercise articulatory skills. |
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| a common substitution process in child language acquisition that involves the replacement of a nasal stop by a nonnasal counterpart: come is pronounced cub |
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| A common substitution process in child language acquisition that involves the moving forward of a sound's place of articulation: cheese is pronounced [tsiz] |
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| A common substitution process in child language acquisition that involves the replacement of a liquid by a glide: play is pronounced [pwej] |
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| In child language acquisition, the replacement of a fricative by a corresponding stop: zebra is pronounced [dibra] |
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| Canonical Sentence Strategy |
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Definition
| A processing strategy that leads children to expect the fist NP in a sentence to bear the AGENT role and the second NP to bear the THEME role. |
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Definition
| The stages of linguistic development that are relatively invariant across language learners. |
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| Utterances produced by children in which one word expresses the type of meaning that would be associated with an entire sentence in adult speech: up=pick me up |
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| A stage in first language acquisition at which children characteristically produce one-word utterances |
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| A developmental phenomenon in which the meaning of a child's word overlaps with that of the equivalent adult word but also extends beyond it |
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| A developmental phenomenon that results from the overly broad application of a rule. |
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| The stage in child language acquisition in which children's utterances are generally longer than two words but lack bond morphemes and most functional categories. |
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| A stage in first language acquisition in which children normally utter two succeeding words to make a sentence. |
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| A developmental phenomenon in which a child uses a lexical item to denote only a subset of the items that it denotes in adult speech |
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| A particular time frame during which children have to be exposed to language if the acquisition process is to be successful. |
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| the type of speech that is typically addressed to young children. |
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| the view that certain grammatical knowledge is inborn. |
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| The set of alternatives for a particular phenomenon made available by Universal Grammar to individual languages. |
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| The determination of which option permitted by a particular parameter is appropriate for the language being learned. |
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| A repetition of a child's utterance that includes adjustments to its form and/or content. |
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| A child's ability to arrange objects in order of increasing or decreasing size. |
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| The system of categories, operations, and principles shared by all human languages and considered to be innate. |
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Definition
| The state of possessing knowledge of two languages; the discipline devoted to the study of the simultaneous acquisition of two languages by children. |
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Definition
| Characteristic of an interlanguage grammar that has reached a plateau and ceased to improve. |
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Definition
| The changing grammatical system that an L2 learner is using at a particular period in his or her acquisition of a second language as he or she moves toward proficiency in the target language. |
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Term
| Second Language Acquisition (SLA) |
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Definition
| The acquisition of a language that is not one's native language. |
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Definition
1)In SLA, the language the learner is learning.
2)In a priming experiment, the stimulus to which a subject must respond and for which response accuracy and response latency are measured. |
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Definition
| The process by which the first language (L1) influences the interlanguage grammar of the learner of a second language. |
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Definition
| A speaker's underlying knowledge of the linguistic and social rules or principles for language production and comprehension in particular speech situations. |
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| The mental system that underlies a person's ability to speak and understand a given language |
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| Competence in the structural aspects at or below the sentence level. |
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| The ability to understand a speaker's intent and to produce a variety of forms to convey intent. |
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| The intended meaning of an utterance. |
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| Actual language use in particular situations. |
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| Sociolinguistic Competence |
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Definition
| The ability to understand and produce a variety of social dialects in appropriate circumstances. |
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| Competence in the organization of language beyond the sentence. |
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Definition
| The stages of linguistic development that are relatively invariant across language learners. |
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Definition
| Language instruction involving correction or focus on form. |
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Term
| Impaired Representation Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The hypothesis states that second language learners who produce errors lack an underlying representation of the structure in which they have produced errors. |
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| Indirect negative evidence |
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Definition
| The assumption that nonoccurring structures in the linguistic environment are ungrammatical. |
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Definition
| Occurring less commonly in world languages. |
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| Complex or less common features or characteristics of languages. |
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Definition
| The quality of being relatively complex or rare in the world of languages. |
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Definition
| A theory that classifies traits or patterns of languages as marked (those that are considered more complex and/or universally rarer) and unmarked (those considered to be less complex and/or universally more common). |
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| Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that states that second language learners who produce errors may actually have correct underlying representations for the structure in which they have made errors but have difficulty mapping the underlying representations to their surface. |
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Definition
| Information as to the ungrammatical nature of utterances. |
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Definition
| A cross-linguistic variation that allows some languages to drop subject pronouns, while other languages require an over grammatical subject. |
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Definition
| Grammatical utterances in the learner's linguistic environment. |
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| Similarity Differential Rate Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The hypothesis claims that the rates of acquisition for dissimilar phenomena in two languages are faster than for similar phenomena. |
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Definition
| The initial or default setting of a parameter will correspond to the option that permits fewer patterns. |
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| Tending to be relatively common in world languages an/or less complex. |
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Definition
| A cross-linguistic variation involving whether the verb does or does not raise to I |
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Definition
| Second language production in which the structures are nativelike. |
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Definition
| Feelings or attitudes that can affect the success of second language acquisition. |
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Definition
| The way in which we are predisposed to process information in our environment. |
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Definition
| Strategies used by L2 learners when they are lacking the necessary linguistic knowledge to say what thy want to say. |
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| Critical Period Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that achievement of nativelike proficiency in a second language depends on age of acquisition and is rarely attainable unless the learner begins second language acquisition during the critical period. |
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Definition
| A learning style in which the learner operates holistically, perceiving the "field" as a whole rather than in terms of its component parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A learning style in which the learner operates analytically, perceiving the "field" in terms of its component parts rather than as a whole. |
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Definition
| Second language speech that is produced automatically and without noticeable hesitation. |
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Definition
| The desire to achieve proficiency in a new language for utilitarian reasons, such as a job promotion. |
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Definition
| The desire to achieve proficiency in a new language in order to participate in t he social life of the community that speaks the language. |
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Definition
| The linguistic input to which the L2 learner is exposed that is slightly beyond his or her competence in the target language (i+1) |
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Term
| Foreigner talk/Teacher talk |
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Definition
| The type of speech that is typically addressed to L2 learners, characterized by such properties as simple word order and more common vocabulary items. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of investigation that involves a particular way of presenting stimuli and a particular way of measuring responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of study that does not involve manipulation and control of factors in a laboratory, but rather involves observing phenomena as they occur. |
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Definition
| The common experimental finding that words that occur more frequently in a language are processed more quickly and more accurately. |
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Term
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Definition
| An experimental paradigm in which a person sees or hears a stimulus and must judge as quickly as possible whether or not that stimulus is a word of his or her language. |
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Term
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Definition
| The procedure through which speech or text is analyzed by assigning categories to words and assigning structure to strings of words. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a priming experiment, this is the stimulus that is expected to affect a subject's response accuracy and response latency to the following stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which the presentation of a stimulus makes it easier to process the following stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a priming experiment, this is the extent to which a priming stimulus facilitates the processing of the next stimulus. |
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Definition
| The study of the mental processes and representations involved in language comprehension and production. |
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Term
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Definition
| The correctness of a subject's responses to particular stimuli in an experiment. |
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Definition
| The amount of time taken by a subject in an experiment to respond to a stimulus. |
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Definition
| The quick and uneven movements of eyes during reading. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of speech error, named after Rev. William A. Spooner, in which words or sounds are rearranged with often humorous results. |
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Term
| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomena |
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Definition
| Instances of temporary inability to access a word in the mental lexicon. |
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Definition
| A type of mental processing in which more complex representations are accessed through simpler constituent representations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A model of spoken-word recognition according to which word recognition proceeds by isolating a target word from a set of words that share initial segments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sentence that is difficult to process and interpret because its structure biases sentence parsing toward an incorrect analysis. |
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Definition
| A parsing principle that claims that in sentence comprehension, humans prefer to attach new words to the clause currently being processed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A proposed parsing principle that claims that in sentence comprehension, humans tend to attach incoming material into phrase structure using fewest nodes possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| A unit of processing that is relatively autonomous from other processing units. |
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Term
| Postlexical Decomposition |
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Definition
| The process by which the constituents of a multimorphemic word are activated in the brain through the representation of the whole lexical item. |
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Term
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Definition
| The computational process by which the individual morphemes of a multimorphemic word are scanned and isolated in the brain. |
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Definition
| The possibility that a sentence can be interpreted in more than one way. |
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Definition
| A type of mental processing using a set of expectations to guid phonetic processing and word recognition. |
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Term
| Parallel Processing Model |
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Definition
| A psycholinguistic theory built around the claim that phonological, lexical, and syntactic processes are carried out simultaneously. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psycholinguistic theory built around the claim that language processing proceeds in a step-by-step manner. |
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Definition
| An area of he brain that plays an important role in reading |
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Definition
| The study of how language is represented and processed in the brain. |
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Definition
| The area in the lower rear portion of the left frontal lobe of the brain that plays an important role in language production. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nonfluent aphasia in which speech is very halting there are numerous phonemic errors, and there is a lack of intonation |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of acquired dyslexia in which the patient produces a word that is semantically related to the word he or she is asked to read. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fold that extends from the top of the cerebral cortex to the lateral fissure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gray wrinkled mass that sits like a cap over the rest of the brain and is the seat of cognitive functioning. |
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Definition
| the control of the right side of the body by the left side of the brain and vice versa |
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Definition
| The bundle of nerve fibers that serves as the main connection between the cerebral hemispheres, allowing the two hemispheres to communicate with one another. |
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Definition
| a relatively deep sulcus of the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| The lobe of the brain that lies in front of the central sulcus and in which Broca's area is located |
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Definition
| An area where the cerebral cortex is folded out |
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Definition
| The fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes in the brain. |
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Definition
| The unilateral control of cognitive functions by either the left or the right side of the brain. |
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Definition
| The fissure that extends from the front of the brain to the back and separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
| The area of the brain to the rear of th angular gyrus in which the visual cortex is located. |
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Definition
| The lobe of the brain that lies behind th central sulcus and above the temporal lobe. |
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Definition
| An area in the brain where the cerebral cortex is folded in |
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Definition
| the lobe of the brain that lies beneath the lateral fissure and which Wernicke's area is located. |
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Term
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Definition
| The impairment of writing ability in patients who previously possessed normal writing ability. |
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Term
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Definition
| The impairment of reading ablity in patients who previously possessed normal reading ability. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aphasic disturbance characterized by the omission of function words and inflectional affixes and by syntactic comprehension deficits. |
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Term
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Definition
| A language deficit caused by damage to the brain. |
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