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Definition
How language is used in a socially appropriate way
Example] Do you have the salt? vs. Pass the salt! |
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| A researcher at UCSD decides that she wants to figure out the age at which normally developing children begin to combine words. In order to determine when first word combinations occur in an average child, the researcher will conduct her study using… |
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| A cross-sectional design, |
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Term
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Definition
a systematic and conventional use of sounds (or signs or written symbols) for the purpose of communication or
self expression. |
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Definition
| sound system of language (goat vs boat) |
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Definition
system for combining units of meaning together
example: wug + s |
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| how words and morphemes are combine together Example] The dog bit the cat. The cat bit the dog. |
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| Name the 5 main components of langauge |
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Definition
1. Phonology
2. lexicon/semantics
3. morphology
4. syntax
6. pragmatics |
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Term
| List the main milestones for each month starting at 9 months |
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Definition
9-10 months
• first signs of word comprehension
• early use of communicative gestures
• babbling
11-12 months
• first words produced
• continued growth in comprehension
16-18 months
• vocabulary spurt
• first word combinations
24-28 months
• increasing use of grammatical function words and morphemes
30-36 months
• signs of productive language use
• overeralization errors like "goed"
• longer and more complex sentences
• improved conversational skills |
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Term
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Definition
| the issue that arises because there usually isn't a boundary between words. So how do babies learn these boundaries before they are literate? |
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Definition
| How does the child know what a word means? If a mother says, "rabbit" how does the baby know whether that sound refers to the animal, the animals' ears, the way it's moving, the bush next to it, etc |
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Term
| 3. Environment is "Impoverished" problem |
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Definition
Parents tend to correct statements based on truth, not grammar.
Example] Child: "Doggie bited daddy"
Mom: "Yes, that's right
Example] Child: "Dere's a trucks"
Mother: "No, that's a motorcycle" |
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Term
| In short, there are 4 reasons why language learning is hard: |
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Definition
1. Language is a complex formal system "in the head"
2. Segmentation problem - speech doesn't give you the units
2. Induction problem - speech doesn't give you the meaning
3. Environment is impoverished problem - feedback tends to be about meaning, not form |
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Term
| The nativist, domain-specific view of language learning |
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Definition
Language can't be learned, so it must be innate.
It can't be learned from simple conditioning because speech doesn't give you units or the meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is possible to learn the language because there are many cues to language structure and there are strong relationships between language and cognition and language and social interaction |
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Term
| Transitional probabilities |
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Definition
| one method that children use to learn the separations of words. They get a sense that sounds that represent a real word appear more often than sounds that represent non-words. |
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| Functionalist view of langauge |
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Definition
| language acquisition is shaped by communication. The forms of natural language are created, governed, constraint acquired and used in the service of communicative functions. |
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Term
| Methods for studying language: Observational |
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Definition
Pros
• natural and realistic language use
• see language in context
• got to see the input to the child ("motherese", etc)
Cons
• small N
• observational bias
• at the mercy of what the child does
Examples she went over in lecture
• MacArthur Bates Communicative Development Inventories
• Dense databases - record input/output of a child |
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| MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories |
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Definition
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Term
| Methods for studying language: Habitual paradigms |
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Definition
1. high amplitude sucking paradigm
2. heart rate
3. conditioned head-turn
4. eye-tracking tasks
5. Elicitation test
6. Pointing task (which picture shows "the boy pushing a girl) |
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Term
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Definition
The child is presented with a new object:
"This is a wug"
"Now there are two ___" (wugs) |
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