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Definition
| The ability to communicate about events at times and places other than those of their occurrence; enables a person to talk and think about things not directly in front of him or her. |
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| The forms of words to their meanings are, for the most part, arbitrary. Saussure's thory!!!! |
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| Linguist Noam Chomsky theorizes that unlimited extension of a language such as English is possible using the recursive device of embedding phrases within sentences. Recursion in linguistics enables 'discrete infinity' by embedding phrases within phrases of the same type in a hierarchical structure. |
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| Native speakers can understand and produce they have never heard or said before. They can construct an infinite number of sentences from a limited set of building blocks (words). |
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| Readily admitting new words to a language. |
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| Language is structurally organized on two abstract levels. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units. At the lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments that lack any meaning in themselves but which combine to form units of meaning. |
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| a fundamental property of human language in which larger linguistic units are perceived to be composed of smaller linguistic units |
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| Transmission from one generation to the next through membership of a society. |
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| Children are born with an innate capacity for learning human language. Humans are destined to speak. |
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| The innate principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages. |
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| The innate principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages. |
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| The incomplete, noisy, and unstructured utterances the children hear, including slips of the tongue, false starts, and ungrammatical and incomplete sentences, together with a lack of concrete evidence about abstract grammatical rules and structure. |
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Definition
| The knowledge of a language represented by the mental grammar that accounts for speakers' linguistic ability and creativity. |
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| The use of linguistic competence in the production and comprehension of language; behavior as distinguished from linguistic knowledge. |
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Definition
| The component of the grammar containing speakers' knowledge about morphemes and words; a speaker's mental dictionary. |
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Definition
| The internalized grammar that a descriptive grammar attempts to model. |
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| Rules of grammar brought about by grammatarians' attempts to legislate what speakers' grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are. |
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Term
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Definition
| A linguist's description or model of the mental grammar, including the units, structures, and rules. An explicit statement of what the speakers know about their language. |
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| characteristics of language |
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Definition
1. Arbitrariness of form to meaning 2. Displacement 3. Recursion 4. Creativity 5. Openness 6. Duality 7. Discreteness 8. Cultural transmission 9. Innateness
(Universal Grammar Poverty of the Stimulus) |
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Term
| lexicon (what we know about words) |
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Definition
| 1. pronunciation 2. spelling (not universal) 3. definition (meaning) 4. usage 5. morphology 6. word class (syntactic behavior) |
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Term
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| Helping verbs that co-occur with, and qualify, the main verb in a verb phrase with regard to such properties as tense (have, be, will) |
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Term
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Definition
| the, a, this, that, every, each, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Category of words which constantly adds new words. |
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| A category that rarely has new words added to it. Ex: prepositions, conjunctions |
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Definition
Closed class.
Ex: prepositions, pronouns, etc. |
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Definition
Open class words.
Ex: nouns |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the structure of words, includes the rules of word formation. |
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Definition
Smallest unit of linguistic meaning or function.
Ex: sheepdogs sheep+dog+s |
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Definition
| The morpheme that remains when all the affixes are stripped from a complex word. |
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Definition
| The base to which an affix is attached to create a more complex form that may be another stem or a word. |
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Definition
A morpheme that must be attached to other morphemes.
Ex: cran in cranberry |
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Definition
| A single morpheme that constitutes a word. |
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Definition
A morphological process that repeats or copies all or part of a word to produce a new word.
Ex: wishy-washy, teensy-weensy |
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Term
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Definition
| A bound grammatical morpheme that is affixed to a word according to rules of syntax. dog --> dogs |
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Term
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Definition
| A morpheme added to a stem or root to form a new stem or word, possibly but not necessarily resulting in a change in syntactic category. dark --> darken |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to morphological rules that can be used freely and apply to all forms to create new words. |
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Term
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Definition
| A language in which most words contain a single morpheme, and there is little if any word morphology. |
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Term
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Definition
| Languages with extraordinarily rich morphologies in which a single word may carry the semantic content of an entire sentence. |
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Definition
| Languages in which words often contain multiple morphemes. |
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Definition
| The rules of sentence formation. |
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Definition
A syntactic unit in a phrase structure tree.
"The girl" is a noun phrase constituent in the sentence "The boy loves the girl." |
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Term
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Definition
The central word of a phrase whose lexical category defines the type of phrase.
Ex: [the man] who came to dinner |
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Term
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Definition
a)Replacement test
b)Move as a unit test
c)Stand alone test |
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Term
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Definition
| The grammatical relation of a noun phrase to a sentence when it appears immediately below that S in a phrase structure tree. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phrase structure rule that repeats its own category on its right side (ex: VP-->VP PP, hence permitting phrase structures of potentially unlimited length, corresponding to that aspect of speakers' linguistic competence. |
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Definition
| A word that replaces another word or expression found elsewhere in discourse, or understood from the situational context. Pronouns are the best known pro-forms. |
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Definition
The constituent in a phrase other than the head that completes the meaning of the phrase and which is C-selected by the verb.
Ex: "puppy" is complement of word found in the VP "found a puppy" |
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Term
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Definition
A verb that C-selects an obligatory noun-phrase complement.
Ex: "find" |
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Term
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Definition
A verb that must not have a direct object complement.
Ex: sleep, rise |
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Term
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Definition
| A syntactic category, also functional category, of words, including "that", "if", "whether", that introduce an embedded sentence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complementizer + sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| A sentence with multiple meanings. |
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Term
| subcategorization/C-selection |
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Definition
| The classifying of verbs and other lexical items in terms of the syntactic category of the complements that they accept. |
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Term
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Definition
The classifying of verbs and other lexical items in terms of the semantic category of the head and complements that they accept.
Ex: The verb "assissinate" S-selects for a human subject and a prestigious, human NP complement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the linguistic meaning or morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The subfield of semantics concerned with the meanings of words and the meaning relationships among words. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory of meaning that calculates the truth value or meaning of larger units by the application of semantic rules to the truth value or meaning of smaller units. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how context and situation affect meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| That part of meaning of a noun phrase that associates it with some entity. That part of the meaning of a declarative sentence that associates it with a truth value. |
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Term
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Definition
| The entity designated by an expression. |
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Definition
| The inherent part of an expression's meaning that, together with context, determines its referent. Also called intension. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Words whose meanings are specific instances of a more general word.
Ex: red, white, blue ---> color |
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Term
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Definition
Two antonyms related in such a way that more of one is less of the other.
Ex: warm and cool |
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Term
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Definition
Two antonyms related in such a way that the negation of one is the meaning of the other.
Ex: "alive" means "not dead" |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of antonyms in which one describes a relationship between two objects and the other describes the same relationship when the two objects are reversed. |
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Term
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Definition
Words pronounced, and possibly spelled, the same.
Ex: to, two, too |
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Term
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Definition
| A word substituted for another word or expression with which it is closely associated. |
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Term
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Definition
1) pronomial
2) spatial
3) temporal |
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Term
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Definition
| The circumstances that must be known to determine whether a sentence is true, and therefore part of the meaning. |
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Term
| truth-conditional semantics |
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Definition
| A theory of meaning that takes the semantic knowledge of knowing when sentences are true and false as basic. |
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Term
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Definition
| TRUE or FALSE; used to describe the truth of declarative sentences in context; the reference of a declarative sentence in truth-conditional semantics. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sentence that is true in all situations; a sentence true from the meaning of its words alone. |
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Term
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Definition
A sentence to which it is impossible to ascribe a truth value.
Ex: This sentence is false. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes a sentence that is false by virtue of its meaning alone, irrespective of its context. |
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Term
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Definition
The relationship between two sentences, where the truth of one necessitates the truth of the other.
Ex: Corday assassinated Marat. Marat is dead. |
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Definition
| An inference based not only on an utterance, but also on assumptions about what the speaker is trying to achieve. "Are you using the ketchup?" to mean "Please pass the ketchup." |
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Term
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Definition
Implicit assumptions about the world required to make an utterance meaningful or relevant.
Ex: :sme tea has already been taken" is a presupposition of "Take more tea!" |
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Term
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Definition
| maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance, maxim of manner |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory of meaning that calculates the truth value or meaning of larger units by the application of semantic rules to the truth value or meaning of smaller units. |
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Term
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Definition
| Like affixes, but their placement is dependent on syntactic structure, but not word structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Major category of hyponyms. Tree is a hypernym for oak. |
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