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The study of humans, especially; of the variety, physical and cultural characteristics, distribution, customs, social relationships, etc. of humanity |
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Four fields of Anthropology |
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Archaeology, Cultural, Linguistic and Physical
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Studies which involve detail examinations of individual cultures. |
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The analysis and interpretation of the data to discern cultural patterns |
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Phonetics, phonology, syntax, semantics, morphology, pragmatics |
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Sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, historical linguistics, geographical linguistics. |
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Characteristics of Anthropology |
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Holistic, comparative and fielfwork-based |
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Is concerned with seeing the whole picture, with finding all the parts of the human puzzles, and putting |
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Refers to its goal of gathering and comparing information from many cultures, times, and places, including their own. |
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Refers to the practice of interpreting other people's actions in terms of their patterns |
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A language design feature; message is transmiting using only the voal capacities and received by the auditory channel, leaving other parts of the body free to do other tasks at the same time |
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Broadcast transmission and directional reception |
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Speech sounds move out from the source of their origin in all direction, the direction of sound can be discerned from a specific location |
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Sound fades fast enough to hear and speak next sound, and the message does not linger in time or space in the production |
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Any human adult can interchange between verbal and non-verbal forms of communication, and can utter what others say |
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Speakers of any language hear what they themselves are saying and are therefore capable of monitoring their messages and promptly making any corrections necessary |
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| In humans there is no other function for vocal apparatus |
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Speech can signal features in the speakers external environment |
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There is no intrinsic relationship between the form of a meaningful unit of a language (a word) and the concept for which the unit stands |
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Each speech sound is distinctive, has a speech duration and fades as the next sound emerges when speaking |
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Humans can talk about something that is far removed in time or space from the setting in which the communication occurs |
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New meanings/signals/symbols can be invited or created as needed as well as understood within a context |
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Units of speech can be combined and recombined in patterned ways to form new and even preciously unknown meanings |
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Cultural or traditional Transmission |
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Linguistic information can be passed on from one generation to the next |
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Linguistic messages can intentionally be false, deceptive or meaningless |
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Humans can and do use language to discuss language or communication in general |
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Speakers of any language can learn a second language even several languages in addition to their mother tongue |
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What is the difference betwwen cultural relativism and ethnocentrism? |
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Cultural relativism refers to the practice of interpreting other people’s actions in terms of their patterns, while shifting the frames of reference. On the other hand ethnocentrism stands for the tendency to interpret native actions in terms of one’s own cultural norms and none other reference point. Anthropology takes cultural relativism perspectives as opposed to ethnocentric perspectives, therefore making it a holistic science.
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Realistic scenario that would lead signals to language.
Two essential conditions: Blending and Duality of Patterning
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How linguistics find the age of language? |
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Linguistic anthropology tries to find the age of language by focusing in two theories; innateness and evolution. Innateness uses the book of Genesis (Creationism) as evidence, it declares that language inquisition and diversity is thanks to divine intervention. Evolution is based on human paleontology to describe how language started from earlier ancestors such as hominoids and it evolved to the language use today. |
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Theory of the origin of language, uses the book of Genesis (Creationism) as evidence, it declares that language inquisition and diversity is thanks to divine intervention |
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Theory of the origin of language; is based on human paleontology, cultural prehistory and anatomy to describe how language started from earlier ancestors such as hominoids and it evolved to the language use today.
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| An early theory; the first words of the early humans were uttered in an effort to imitate natural sounds, particularly those made by animals. |
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| The origin of speech in the sounds spontaneously emitted to register pain and other strong sensations or feelings. |
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| the peculiar ring each substance in nature possesses came to be vocally represented in the first human words |
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| Created the syntactic structure, universal grammar, language aquisition device, generative grammar, transformational grammar, government and binding theory, principle and parameter theory, minimalism |
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Life has a history changed over time- and that different
species share common ancestors.
Language is so complicated and so variable that it must have
evolved over a long time.
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| Humans and their immediate ancestors |
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| A set of discrete vocal sounds that can be strung together to produce words endowed with conventional but arbitrary meanings generating an unlimited number of unprecedented comments about events removed in time as well as space |
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| 3-4 MYA, the earliest hominids came from east african sites in Tanzania, Kemia and Ethiopia |
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1.9-1.6 MYA, the first human, making and using simple tools. Group activity/culturally patterns means of substince. Some of the traits that were to contribute to prelanguage. |
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| Africa, Asia and Europe. Tool kit and hand ax, skills of hunting on large games. A feat that could not have been accomplished with some sort of prelanguage. |
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| Ritual activities, belief in after life. Moving a significant distance from prelanguage to langauge |
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| The presence of language as fully developed of that of recent and contemporary times |
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| As culture grew language systems of communication becomes more complex and the more the communication system is able to handle the more elaborate culture becomes |
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Producing a new call from two old ones.
The coinage (creation) of the word.
To open a closed system, bringing the development to the
prelanguage stage
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| A way to eliminate the increasing cogestion of calls. The process by which the units of limited sets of signals on one level were combined to form a very large number of arragements on another level |
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They came into being just once
Radical vs. fuzzy
The further development of the incipient capacity for speech to
take place in separate groups of hominids within an area.
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Languages spoken today ultimately derive from several
unrelated sources in the remote past.
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Estimating age of language using basic word list from suspected related languages with emphasis on cognates |
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Are words from two or more languages with common origins |
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Comparing related languages using their cognates to posit
original phonemes, morphemes and syntax in common
ancestor language
Proto-Indo-European
Protolanguages
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The two halves of the human brain are not exactly alike.
Each hemisphere has functional specializations: some
function whose neural mechanisms are localized primarily in
one half of the brain.
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Lateralization of language |
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Definition
The lateralization of language functions in the left cerebral
hemisphere in nearly 99 percent of right-handed adults
Right-handedness appear in to have been prevalent since
the times of Homo erectus.
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Evidence of anatomy of vocal aparatus |
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The shape of the base of the skull is related to the position of
the larynx.
The position of the larlynx and the size of the pharynx that lies
directly above it
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Significance difference between language aparatus |
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Definition
In the modern human adults the larlyx is located farther down in
the throat, and as a consequence the supralaryngeal area is
much larger than in infants, Neandertals, and apes.
The larynx in Homo erectus may have begun to descend into
the neck, increasing the area available to modify laryngeal
sounds.
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Lennenberg biological foundations of language |
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Discussion of language in the light of evolution and genetics.
Language development may be viewed from
two sharply differing positions.
Continuity Theory vs. Discontinuity Theory
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Term
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Definition
Speech must have ultimately developed from primitive forms of
communication used by lower animals.
Language evolved in a straight line over time.
Human language differs from animal languages only
quantitatively, that is, by virtue of it much greater complexity
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Is favored by Lenneberg. It holds that human language must be recognized as unique, thus it should not have evolutionary antecedents.
The scholars who argue for the discontinuity theory, claim that its development cannot be illuminated by studying various communicative systems of animal species at random and then comparing them with human language. For example, Noam Chomsky considers the research on the ape language is all totally meaningless.
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Five components of communication |
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Definition
The sender (or source) , The message , The channel , The receiver (or destination) and The effect
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Channels of communication |
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Definition
Acoustic Channel, Optical Channel, Tactile Channel and
Olfactory Channel
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Definition
A figure-eight dance of the honeybee
The angle from the sun indicates direction. The duration of the
waggle part of the dance signifies the distance.
Successful foragers can communicate with their hive mates
information about the direction and distance to a source of the
foods.
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Definition
Using the vocal channel: songs and calls.
Birdsongs are either innate, learned, or in part innate and in
part learned, whereas birdcalls are innate, but in some species
a degree of learning is involved.
The learning ability of many species of birds is at its maximum
during the individual’s first few months of life, but birds learn
only the song characteristic of their own species.
Dialectal differences exist, especially in birdsongs
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Language acquisition behavioral theory |
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Definition
Based on the Stimulus-Response-Respond Formula.
Children do imitate, but not as consistently as is generally
thought: otherwise they would not produce such analogical but
ungrammatical forms as sheeps, gooses, and taked.
Rather than imitating others, children drive these forms on the
assumption of grammatical regularity—by extending the
“regular” plural and past-tense markers to words to which they
do not apply.
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Lingusitic acquisition Innatist theory |
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Definition
Children are born with a capacity for language development.
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
LAD consists only of general procedures helping the child to
discover how to learn any natural language; provides
children with a knowledge of those features that are
common to all language.
A genetically built-in “core grammar” that besides a number
of fixed rules also contains various optional rules.
“Poverty of stimulus”
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Och and Shieffelin language acquisition theory |
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Definition
Language acquisition and socialization.
The process of acquiring language is deeply affected by the
process of becoming a competent member of a society.
The process of becoming a competent member of a society
is realize to a large extent through language, through
acquiring knowledge of its functions…i.e., through exchange
of language in particular social situations.
Without language, no child could adequately learn all
aspects of the culture and worldview of his or her society.
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Term
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Definition
in inferior frontal lobe is adjacent to the motor cortex, and is involved in planning speech gestures. It also serves assigning syntactic structure |
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in posterior tri-lobe area is adjacent to the primary auditory cortex, and is representing and recognizing the sound patterns of words. |
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transform visual information into an acoustic code, and conceptual information is stored here |
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Speech output is slow, effortful, often misarticulated, missing
function words, agrammatism.
Disturbance in the speech planning and production
mechanism. Understanding meaning, but loose synthetic, able
to name objects
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Term
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Definition
Fluent-sounding speech, composed of meaningless strings of
words, sounds and jargon, the inability to name objects.
Disturbance of the permanent representations of the sound
structures of word.
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Critical Period Hyphothesis |
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Definition
Language is innately determined; its acquisition
dependent upon both necessary neurological
events and some unspecified minimal exposure to
language. Language is acquired with remarkable ease
during brain maturation, that is, before puberty. By this time
the brain has been localized in one side or the other
(lateralization).
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What is the purpose of animal communication studies? |
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Definition
Is to approve or disapprove the continuity or discnontinuity theories of language evolution. Some studies have proved that animals can understand human language like the Bonobo Chimpanzee Kanzi; still it is not enough evidence to prove the continuity theory |
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Are there any difference between the way monolingual speakers and bilingual speakers process and store information? |
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Heny explains that polygot speakers safe some language information in the right hemisphere. Evidence can be found in bilingual speakers who suffer aphasia most of the time they end up recovering only one of the languages but not both. “The occurrence of bilingual aphasia suggests quite clearly that bilinguals have more right-hemisphere linguistic activity than monolinguals. Aphasia is about five times more likely to result from right hemisphere damage in a polyglot speaker than a monolingual. This can only be explained if some of a bilingual’s linguistic ability is stored on the right side of the brain, or at least in areas not affected by damage to the classical language areas on the left.”
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