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Class: social/cultural differentiation of female and male using biological justification
Traditional :biological differentiation of bodies (female/male) |
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Class: social/cultural differentiation of female and male (feminine/masculine) using social/cultural justification
Traditional: social/cultural differentiation of social actors (feminine/masculine) |
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Class: erotic or reproductive orientation and practice
Traditional: differentiation based on the sex or gender of those toward whom individuals have an erotic attachment or interest (homo-/hetero-) |
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chromosomes
sex organs
secondary sex characteristics
self-adornment (clothing, hair, makeup, jewelry)
gendered social roles
gendered interactional behavior (facial expressions, body posture and movement, and language) |
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| "Speaking as a Woman" with |
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| A widespread (and incorrect) cultural belief about gender and sexuality |
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sex and gender and sexuality map directly onto one another --> FALSE
female>feminine>male erotic object
male>masculine>female erotic object |
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| pronunciation and intonation |
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| the structure of sentences |
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| interactional structure and functions of language |
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| the meaning of words and sentences |
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beliefs about how language is or should be used by particular social groups
features:
general
"How (a certain type of_ woman/man speaks"
stable
usually conform to expectation/stereotype |
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how language is actually used by particular social groups
features:
specific
"How this woman/man is speaking in this situation"
variable, changing
often violate or complicate expectation/stereotype |
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Will and Grace clip as an example of language ideology--linguistic features
--underlying ideology |
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-Pronunciation: emphatic articulation
-Intonation and voice quality: highly expressive, with wide variation in pitch
-Lexicon: repetition of "hot", sexual inuendo
-pragmatics/discourse: seeking advice, complimenting
-nonverbal communication: dramatic gestures, frequent smiling
underlying ideology
-effeminate "flaming" gay man stereotype
-stereotype of gay men as preoccupied with sex |
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| effects of language ideologies on gender and sexuality |
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-actively creates as well as reinforces difference (eg based on gender or sexuality)
-promote (and depend on) essentialism |
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| the belief that members of a group are fundamentally similar to one another and fundamentally different from members of other groups |
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can language be sexist?
sapir-whorf hypothesis--strong and weak version |
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strong: our language DETERMINES the way we perceive our world
weak: our language INFLUENCES the way we perceive our world
implication: if the structure of a language is sexist, it may lead its speakers to have sexist attitudes |
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grammatical gender (v. social gender)
2 types |
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1. formal gender: all nouns have gender, largely arbitrary (eg Spanish)
2. natural gender: nonarbitrary; only nouns for gendered referents have gender (eg modern English) |
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among African Amers--exchange boasts or insults as a game or ritual
discourse style that cleverly and creatively conveys an indirect/implicit meaning
mainly used by men and boys
ex: yo mama jokes, snapping, capping, jonesing, sounding |
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conversational signifying
purpose/use of |
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a form of clever, indirect criticism or commentary used by both women and men in ordinary interaction
ex: what a lovely coat, they sure don't make coats like that anymore
may be used as a way to maintain social distance and demonstrate a kind of "cool" that garners respect |
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Black feminist thought/epistemology
(Patricia Hill Collins) |
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A theory based on African Amer women's experience
Outsider within: the position of a person who must operate within two cultures, one of which has greater power and does not offer full inclusion
ex: African Amer women in academia, corporations, "white woman's world" |
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African American women and questions
linguistic illustration of Black feminist thought through radio interview: white male moderator, 3 black males, 2 black females |
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according to white feminist analyses, questions signal either powerlessness or connection/interest
here, women's questions function as a claim to power
relates to Black feminist though, theories of KNOWLEDGE |
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KNOWLEDGE:
dialogic evaluation of knowledge claims |
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| assessment of an assertion by multiple people, not a single authority
ex: Now to me THA:T'S the more profound question Larry than, why the neighborhoods tilt |
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KNOWLEDGE:
ethic of personal responsiblity |
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| African American women and minimal responses |
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minimal responses are normatively rare on radio because it's hard to tell who's speaking
here women's min responses challenge norms and create political alignment
also relates to Black fem theories of KNOWLEDGE |
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KNOWLEDGE:
ethic of caring (affective involvement) |
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emotional involvement or connection to knowledge claims
knowledge claims can be signaled by
-minimal responses
-laughter |
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KNOWLEDGE:
concrete experience as a criterion of knowledge |
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direct personal experience valued over impersonal or abstract sources of knowledge
ex: I do get those calls all the time |
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| stereotypes and gaps in our knowledge of African Amer women's speech |
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-black women may sometimes use linguistic features in powerful ways, which is often wrongly inerpreted as a stereotype of the "aggressive Black woman"
-such claims take the white women as the norm and treat black women as deviant
-not all black women use this powerful speech style: there's a lot of diversity within every ethnic category--> essentialist theories
-Black (and nonblack) women can use this speech style and still be conventionally feminine
-no research has been done on African Amer women and men in romantic relationships |
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strategic essentialism
and Collin's theory |
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the deliberate treatment of a group as less diverse than it really is
temporary rather than long-term approach
Collin's theory IS essentialist
-goals to create solidarity and assert legitimacy |
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| Bilingual lesbian Latina feminist theorist |
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the "borderland" metaphor
RELATES: Mendoza-Denton Reading
RELATED: Mendoza-Denton reading |
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Latina's position between two languages and cultures , extended to Anzaldua's being both Latina and lesbian, both Latina and fiminist
compare Collin's idea of the "outsider within" and multicultural feminism's idea of "intersectionality" |
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gender differences in language ideologies
Puerto Rican spanish language maintenance and shift |
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girls:
-stay near/in house
-with puerto rican boys and girls
-childcare, domestic duties
-church and prayer
-telenovelas
boys:
-allowed to go farther form home
-with non-spanish-speaking friends
-no household duties
-less religious activity
result:
more female "neo-rican" bilingual teenagers said Spanish was indispensable to Puerto rican identity |
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Gender style and language choice:
Mexican american female gang members in the bay area |
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| Nortenas and surenas differ in the music they listen to, how they wear their hear, do their lipstick and eyeliner, what sports team they support, the colors they wear, and whether they speak English or Spanish |
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nontraditional latina gender styles:
1. challenges to traditional notions of femininity |
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avoidance of smiling
tough persona |
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| 2. creative resignification of both femininity and masculinity |
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| "when i wear my eyeliner, me siento mas macha, I'm ready to fight" |
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| 3. calo = ritual boasting |
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traditionally associated with men
ex: "Yo era la Mexicana mas chingona en los projects" (I was the baddest Mexicana in the projects)
"If I cn tand up to my father and tirar chingazos con mi apa (exchange blows with my father), I can do it with anyone!" |
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Language and gender among Asian Americans
Asian American as a panethnicity |
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encompasses different national backgrounds, languages, and cultures
there is tremendous diversity within the Asian American category |
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Stereotypes of Asian American women
Language ideologies |
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-passive/compliant
-exotic
-hyperfeminine
-high pitch
-soft/gentle voices
-subservient to men |
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Margaret Cho--challenges the stereotype
Features of Cho's mock Asian feminiinity: 2 styles |
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1. Feminine, calm mainstream American English style
2. Mock Asian style |
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| Feminine, calm mainstream American English style |
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ex: "When I was young I was raised on rice and fish"
slight falsetto
decreased tempo
exaggerated and gradual intonational rise and fall |
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ex: When I was a little girl, I grow up on the rice paddy.."
falsetto
creaky voice
decreased tempo
monophthongization
vowel shifts
past/present neutralization
physical embodiment of feminitity:
eyes cast downward
laughing with covered mouth |
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Negotiating gender style and ethnicity
CandiFLA's isntructional video on achieving a female voice
Differences in male and female speaking style |
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Male:
faster pace
more rhotic
more vernacular style (gonna, wanna)
clipped words ("this's my male voice")
Female:
breathy and creaky
slow
clearly enunciated
lengthened vowels and fricatives
standard ("going to sound")
giggly and sexy |
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