Term
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Definition
egressive, ingressive
ejective, implosive
pulmonic, glottalic, velaric, click |
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Term
| airstream mechanisms: egressive |
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Definition
| airstream pushed out mouth/nose. can be pulmonic or glottalic. opposite of ingressive. |
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Term
| airstream mechanisms: ingressive |
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Definition
| airstream flows inward via mouth/nose. can be lingual, velaric, glottalic, or pulmonic. |
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Term
| airstream mechanisms: ejective |
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Definition
| A stop made with an egressive glottalic airstream |
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Term
| airstream mechanisms: implosive |
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Definition
| A stop made with an ingressive glottalic airstream |
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Term
| airstream mechanisms: pulmonic |
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Definition
| The movement of lung air by the respiratory muscles. Most sounds are produced with this. |
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Term
| airstream mechanisms: glottalic |
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Definition
| Movement of pharynx air by the action of the glottis. Ejectives and implosives. |
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Term
| airstream mechanisms: velaric |
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Definition
| Movement of mouth air by action of the tongue. Clicks. |
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Term
| airstream mechanisms: click |
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Definition
| A stop made with an ingressive velaric airstream |
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Term
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Definition
| voicing, modal voice, voicelessness, breathiness, murmur, creak, VOT |
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Term
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Definition
| Having vibrations of the vocal folds during an articulation. In partial voicing, vocal fold vibrations occur only during part of the articulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| regular vibrations of the vocal folds |
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Term
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Definition
| Pronounced without vibrations of the vocal folds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another name for murmur. A type of phonation in which the vocal folds are only slightly apart so that they vibrate while allowing a high rate of airflow through the glottis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another name for breathy voice. A type of phonation in which the vocal folds are only slightly apart so that they vibrate while allowing a high rate of airflow through the glottis. |
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Term
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Definition
| aka laryngealization. A type of phonation in which the arytenoid cartilages hold the posterior end of the vocal cords together so that they can vibrate only at the other end. |
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Term
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Definition
| The moment at which the voicing starts relative to the release of a closure. |
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Term
|
Definition
place, manner
active and passive articulators
labial, bilabial, dental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular
pharyngeal, glottal, epiglottal
laminal vs. apical
retroflex aka apico-post-alveolar
complex consonants
trills, taps, flaps
approximants, laterals, rhotics |
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Term
| consonant gestures: place, manner |
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Definition
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Term
| consonant gestures: active and passive articulators |
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Definition
Active articulators move relative to these passive articulators to produce various speech sounds, in different manners. The most important active articulator is the tongue. The lower lip and glottis are other active articulators.
Passive articulators remain static during the articulation of sound. Upper lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, and pharynx wall are passive articulators. |
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Term
| consonant gestures: labial, bilabial, dental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular |
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Definition
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Term
| consonant gestures: pharyngeal, glottal, epiglottal |
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Definition
pharyngeal: an articulation involving the root of the tongue and the back wall of the pharynx, like the arabic ayn.
glottal: articulation involving the glottis, like button.
epiglottal: |
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Term
| consonant gestures: laminal vs. apical |
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Definition
laminal: articulation made with the blade of the tongue
apical: articulation involving the tip of the tongue. |
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Term
| consonant gestures: retroflex aka apico-post-alveolar |
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Definition
| articulation involving the tip of the tongue and the back part of the alveolar ridge. Often seen in indian languages. |
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Term
| consonant gestures: palato-alveolar aka lamino-post-alveolar |
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Definition
| an articulation between the tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge. |
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Term
| consonant gestures: complex consonants |
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Definition
| consonants with two simultaneous primary places of articulation of the same manner (both plosive, or both nasal, etc.). |
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Term
| consonant gestures: trills, taps, flaps |
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Definition
trill: an articulation in which one articulator is held loosely near another so that the flow of air between them sets them in motion, alternately sucking them together and blowing them apart.
tap: a rapid movement of the tip of the tongue upward to contact the roof of the mouth, then returning to the floor of the mouth along the same path.
flap: articulation in which one articulator, usually the tongue tip, is drawn back and then allowed to strike against another articulator in returning to its rest position. |
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Term
| consonant gestures: approximants, laterals, rhotics |
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Definition
approximant: one articulator is close to another, but without the tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. [l, r, w]
lateral: airstream flows over the sides of the tongue, like /l/
rhotics: a form of english in which /r/ can occur after a vowel and within a syllable in words like car, bird, early. |
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Term
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Definition
frequency, loudness
waveform, spectrogram, narrow band, wide band
harmonics, formants, resonance, chambers
formants, vowels, F1 F2 plots
turbulence
voicing bar
consonant transitions |
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Term
| acoustic phonetics: frequency, loudness |
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Definition
frequency: the rate of oscillation in air pressure in a periodic sound wave.
loudness: the auditory property of a sound that enables a listener to place it on a scale going from soft to loud without considering the acoustic properties, such as the intensity of the sound. |
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Term
| acoustic phonetics: waveform, spectrogram, narrow band, wide band |
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Definition
waveform:
spectrogram: a graphic representation of sounds in terms of their component frequencies, in which time is shown on the horizontal axis, frequency on the vertical axis, and the intensity of each frequency at each moment in time by the darkness of the mark.
narrow band:
wide band: |
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Term
| acoustic phonetics: harmonics, formants, resonance, chambers |
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Definition
harmonics:
formant: a resonating frequency of the air in the vocal tract. vowels are characterized by three formants.
resonance:
chamber: |
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Term
| acoustic phonetics: formants, vowels, F1 F2 plots |
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Definition
formants: a resonating frequency of the air in the vocal tract. vowels are characterized by three formants.
vowels:
F1 F2 plots: |
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Term
| acoustic phonetics: turbulence |
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Definition
| an obstruction of the vocal tract. sonorants have no turbulence, while obstruents sometimes do. |
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Term
| acoustic phonetics: voicing bar |
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Definition
| a bar at the bottom of a spectrogram that indicates voicing. |
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Term
| acoustic phonetics: consonant transitions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
front, central, back;
high, mid, low;
close open
cardinal vowels
lip rounding
palatalization, velarization, pharangealization
diphthongs
vowel inventories, vowel space
nasalization, rhoticization |
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Term
| vowels: front, central, back; high, mid, low; close, open |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a set of reference vowels first defined by daniel jones. the vowels of any language can be described by stating their relationships to the cardinal vowels |
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Term
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Definition
| the action of bringing the corners of the lips toward one another so that the mouth opening is reduced. |
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Term
| vowels: palatalization, velarization, pharangealization |
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Definition
palatalization: a secondary articulation in which the front of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate.
velarization: a secondary articulation in which the back of the tongue is raised toward the soft palate.
pharangealization: A secondary articulation in which the root of the tongue is drawn back so that the pharynx is narrowed. (Arabic) |
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Term
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Definition
| a vowel in which there is a change in quality during a single syllable, like the /ai/ in high. |
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Term
| vowels: vowel inventories, vowel space |
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Definition
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Term
| vowels: nasalization, rhotacization |
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Definition
nasalization: lowering of the soft palate during a sound in which air is going out through the mouth, like the a in man.
rhotacization: the auditory property known as r-coloring that results from the lowering of the third formant. |
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Term
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Definition
intuitive, phonetic, phonological definitions
tone, stress, length, rhythm |
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Term
| syllables: intuitive, phonetic, phonological definitions |
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Definition
| phonetic: people who differentiate between certain sounds choose syllable numbers similarly. hire and hour pronounced the same = monosyllables. |
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Term
| syllables: tone, stress, length, rhythm |
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Definition
tone: a pitch that conveys part of the meaning of a word (chinese)
stress: the use of extra respiratory energy during a syllable.
length: the linguistic use of physical duration to distinguish words.
rhythm: |
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Term
| articulatory instrumentation |
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Definition
closure tracking: palatography, linguography
movement tracking: electromagnetic articulography
cross-sectional imaging: xray, MRI, ultrasound |
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Term
| articulatory instrumentation: closure tracking |
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Definition
palatography: a technique for showing articulatory contact. in one form, the tongue is covered with a marking medium, and then, after a word has been articulated, it is possible to observe where the medium has been transferred onto the roof of the mouth.
linguography: |
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Term
| articulatory instrumentation: movement tracking |
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Definition
| electromagnetic articulography |
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Term
| articulatory instrumentation: cross-sectional imaging: |
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Definition
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