phonetic - physical nature of speech sounds

               eg.(p^h) vs (p)

phonemic -  the smallest unit of speech that distinguishes meaning

                eg. /t/ found in words like tip, stand, writer, and cat

Sound Signals - eg. Male / female

English infants can't distinguish between p and p^h while their parents can

True or False? 

Pacifier Sucking Experiment

    - baby sucking pacifier (whose listening to music) starts sucking slower but when music changes he/she sucks faster.

Head Turning Experiement

    - Sound in background and baby is being distracted by toy. When sound changes baby turns head and is rewarded with flashing lights. 

Deaf infants produced unsystematic, non-repetative, and random babble

- If exposed to sign language , they babble with their hands. 

- Babbling Stage 

    eg "ga ga goo goo "

- One Word Stage

    eg. "Up" or "No" 

- Two Word Stage

    eg. "No Pee" or "All dry" 

- Telegraphic

    eg. "Cat stand up table" or "No sit there" 

- Infinity 

- Children using one word to describe whole sentences

    eg. "no" --> "I don't want to do that!"

They being to acquire one word some time after one year 

Monosyllabic

- [sa] sock

- [ma] mommy

- [da] doggy 

A child reffering to a fish as "fis"

When adults asked him where his "fis" is, the child didn't understand

When adults ask him where his "fish" is, the child understood.

Children can't produce difficult sounds such as [sh] 

By 2 years old, and child's word learning rate jumps to '___ new word every two hours' minumum (which they mantain through adolescence).

Children's two word utterance look like samples drawn from longer potential sentences. True or False?

True

eg. "Mommy sock" --> "Mother puts the sock on the child."

     "Mommy sock" ---> "Mommy's sock" 

From  2 -3 years old, children produce utteances that contain more then two words

    eg. Cat stand up table

           He play little tun

- content words, (function words and grammatical morphemes are left out)

No, they produce utterances that there parents never produce

    eg. What the boy hit?

 there parents never said this.

No, if children do ever get reinforement for what they say, its usually for incorrect pronunciation.

- Children do not know what they are doing wrong and are unable to make corrections when they are pointed out.

 eg.  "other one spoon"  --> "the other spoon"

No, they would use one sentence to produce another

eg. I painted barn red  ---> I painted barn blue

but in the same sense they could produce ungrammitcal sentences then

eg. I saw a barn red

Overgeneralization- taking one rule and applying it to another aspect (even though it might be wrong)

- the fact that children overgeneralize shows they are forming rules and applying them. 

Then these words get changed in our language itself.

eg. abode --> abided 

The wug test

 children forming yes-no questions

    eg. Is the boy who is unhappy watching Mickey Mouse? (child said)

Input that children receive from the surrnding enviroment is impoverished. (slips of the tongue, false starts, incomplete and ungrammatical strings)

Human species innately equipped with "language facilty" in left hemisphere which contatins blueprint for language acquistions that tells children how to extract patterns and grammar from there parents.

 - Universal Grammar which is shared by all humans in the world.

Children took the impovrished NSL and changed it to be more appropriate.

eg. 1st generation described two motions simultaneously

   the 2nd and 3rd produced seperate motions. 

When born, we are not physically mature enough to hangle language

 - (physically, tounge, brain, cc) 

- tract more like ape, larnyx comes and engages with nasal passage (forcing baby to breathe through nose) --> possible to drink and breathe (prevents choking)

- after 3 months, larynx descends depp into throat --> opening up the cavity behing the tongue that allows the tongue to move forward backwards. (increases risk of choking but increases range of sounds (words)) 

- head size, brain weight, thickness of cerbral cortex(grey matter)

- white matter not complete until nine months

- Synapses continue to devolp peaking between nine months and two years (50% more then adults)

- metabolic activity in the brain reachs adult levels (9-10 months), peaks around age of four 

Birth to puberty 

if language is not learned during this period, then it makes it diffucult or impossible to learn later. 

eg. wild children, genie (attic), Chelsea (deaf) 

 Because changes in brain start to decrease

1) Age

2) Task

3)type of instruction 

Broca - two diff regions

Wernicckes - overlapping regions 

v - air friction against soft part of roof of mouth --

p - air friction against hard part of roof --> zzzzzzz 

- change in the inventory of sounds

        eg. loss of velar fricative or addition of patalal fricative (zzz..lesurie)

- change in phonological rules

    eg. unstressed vowel deletion rule : deletes unstressed short vowels at the end of words.

    eg. intervocalic deletion rule: /s/ becomes [z] 

- The great vowel shift

eg. mis - mice; mus - mouse 

- resulted in new phonemic representations of words and morphemes 

word order was freer but now, not so much.

eg. Thone kyning se man sloh --> The king the man slew

The first sentence would have worked back in the day, not anymore. 

- broaden

    eg. butcher -- goats -- any animal

- narrowing

    eg. starve - die - die/food

- meaning shift

    eg. fond -- foolish -- like

- language contact

   migration -- bilingual children -- borrowed words, sounds.. etc

- social differntiation

  adopting dress, gestures, languages --> slang, vocab change etc. 

one sound influences the pronunciation of another adjacent sound for ease-of articulation.

eg cinn - chin; ciese --> cheese 

the loss of a final vowel in languages with a strong stress accent on intial syllables of words

eg. German/englsih

the loss of medial vowels

eg. business, wednesday 

a reduction of the number of irregular morhpemes

eg. dreamt - dreamed;  lit - lighted 

an interchange and reordering of segments that effectively reverses the order of their sequence.

eg- brid --> bird 

- weaking of word final vowels in common /delete final vowel

Kurgan Hypothesis

   - 6000 or less years ago - nomadic warriors -- went through turkey, westren asia briingn culture with them

Farming-dispersal hyptothesis

    - 8000 or more years ago - farming spread to greece from Anatolia farmers - culture came with 

What are lingustic paleontology

by taking series of inventions we know and seeing which one has pie names.

eg. pie has words like human and brother but not gun because gun wassnt invernte till 1300 ad 

It is called Mutual intelligibilty

 - speakers can understand each other in most cases 

6000

- 4% 

- speakers die

- speakers killed (war)

- speakers switch language 

a language previously not used is adopted and used more widely

 eg. Hebrew or Celtic 

Genetic

  - Based oin language families and language relationship

        - Eg. Indo European
 

Tyopological

 - Based on charecteriscs of language 

        - SVO, SOV

Aeriel

     - Based on geographical area where languages are located

           - not related, close contact, exchange linguistic patterns

What is Sprachbund and what does it mean in German

languages that have become similar in some way because of geographical proximity

- language union 

An isolating language is any language where the vast majority of morphemes are free morphemes and are considered to be full-fledged "words", rather than particles 

eg. ed - wrong

      - le - the , correct 

True

 - SOV, SVO 

absolute  universal

     - those that occur in all languages ei sentence hieracal structure

universal tenencies

     - occurs in most languages ei. having a subject.

implicational universals

        the presence of a feature determines other features

                   ei. if you have A then you have B

                       VO or OV

Nostratic - indo euro, uralic...

Dene-Caucasina: Basque, N. Caucasion 

- words change over short period of time, hard to match

- if found similar words... coincidences or borrowing?

- cross linguistic similarites might be coincidence 

signifier - word, gesture

signified - meaning 

Iconic

    - somewhat resemble what ei. male broom sign

Indexical

        partial rep sample of what it is. ei. smoke as a sign of fire

        Symptomatic

               - no control of expressing or not ei. saying 'ouch!'

Symbolic

    - signifer  not equal to signified, most words in language are

Graded signs

 -   their meaning changes as degree changes ei. rasing voice

Discrete signs 

    - able to tell diff. by categories ei. words sound diff

round

  - food 6 meters away

sickle

    - 6 -18 metres

tail wiggle

      - 18 metres farther 

- faster dance, more repetions, better quailty