Term
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Definition
| pattern of movement of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan. involves growth and sometimes decline. |
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Definition
| children are born corrupted with an inclination toward evil |
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Term
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Definition
| John Locke- children = a blank slate |
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Definition
| Rousseau's idea that children are inherently good |
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Term
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Definition
| development is life long, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual. involves growth, maintienance and regulation |
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Term
| normative age-graded influences |
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Definition
| biological, sociocultural, and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group |
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Term
| normative history-graded influences |
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Definition
| influences common to people of a particular generation because of historical events |
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Term
| nononormative life events |
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Definition
| unusual occurances that have a major impact on an individual's life |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| changes in someone's physical nature |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in thought, intelligence and language |
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Definition
| changes in relationships, emotions and personality |
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Term
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Definition
| number of year elapsed since birth |
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Term
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Definition
| age in terms of biological health |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptive capacities compared with others' of the same chronological age |
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Term
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Definition
| social roles and expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| the debate of weather development is influenced by nature or nurture. nature=bio.inheritance; nurture= env. experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which early characteristics remain the same or change |
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Term
| continuity-discontinuity issue |
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Definition
| focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct changes (discontinuity) |
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Term
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Definition
| interrelated, coherant set of ideas that helps to explain and makes predictions |
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Term
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Definition
| assumptions/predictions that can be tested to determine accuracy |
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Term
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Definition
| describe development as unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. behavior= surface characteristic, workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. emphasis on early parental experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| pleasure centers in the mouth (birth to 1.2 yrs) |
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Term
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Definition
| pleasure focuses on the anus. (1.5-3yrs.) |
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Term
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Definition
| pleasure focuses on the genitals (3-6yrs) |
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Term
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Definition
| represses sexual intrest & develops social and intellectual skills (6yrs- puberty) |
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Term
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Definition
| time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside of the family. (puberty onward) |
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Term
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Definition
| 8 stages of human development consisting of unique tasks that present a crisis that must be resolved |
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Term
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Definition
| children actively construct their understanding of the world throught 4 stages of cognitive development |
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Term
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Definition
| coordination of sensory experiences with physical actions. progression from refleive instinctual action to symbolic thought (birth-2 yrs) Piaget |
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Term
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Definition
| representing the world in words and images. increased symbolic thinking, beyond sensory info and physical action (2-7 yrs) piaget |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| logical reasoning about concrete events, classification of objects. (7-11 yrs.) piaget |
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Term
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Definition
| reasoning in abstract, idealistic and logical ways. (11-adult hood) piaget |
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Term
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Definition
| socioculturat cognitive. emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development |
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Term
| information-processing theory |
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Definition
| individuals manipulate info, monitor it and strategize about it. memory and thinking are central to this theory |
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Term
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Definition
| we can scientifically study what can be directly observed and measured |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviorism, classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| "little albert" associations/reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| skinner- the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of that behavior's occurances |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition as key factors in development |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution and characterized by critical/sensitive periods |
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Term
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Definition
| goslings follow first thing they see (ex. of critical period) |
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Definition
| attachment to caregivers in first year of life has important consequences |
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Term
| Brofenbrenner's microsystem |
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Definition
| setting in which an individual lives |
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Term
| Brofenbrenner's meosystem |
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Definition
| relations between microsystems or connections between contexts |
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Term
| Brofenbrenner's exosystem |
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Definition
| links btwn a social setting without an active role and the individuals immediate context |
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Term
| Brofenbrenner's macrosystem |
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Definition
| culture in which individuals live |
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Term
| Bronfenbrenner's chronosystem |
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Definition
| patterning of events and transitions in lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| Bronfenbrenner's enviromental systems theory focusing on five systems |
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Term
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Definition
| provide info about how similar or diffferent development is across cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics based on heritage including nationality, race, religion and language |
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Term
| eclectic theoretical orientation |
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Definition
| doesn't follow any one approach but selects best parts of several theories |
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Term
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Definition
| info about a lifetime chronology of events and activities to better understand a person's development |
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Term
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Definition
| observing and recording behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| describing the relationship between events or characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| number used to describe the degree of association btwn 2 variables |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals of different ages are studied to create an overall perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| the same individuals are studied over a long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| combo. of cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches |
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Term
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Definition
| effects of time of birth, era or generation but not actual age |
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Term
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Definition
| using an ethnic label to protrya a group as being more homogenious than it actually is |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| hereditary info made of DNA that controls cells. directs cell reproduction and assembles protiens |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell division carried out in the sperm and egg cells |
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Term
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Definition
| info that makes up DNA each cell contains copies of the same 23 paired chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| single cell formed in fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| mental retardation caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them and XXY instead of XY. |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormalties in the X chromosome tha tusually lead to learning disabilities, more common in males |
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Term
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Definition
| in females; either an X is missing or partially deleted |
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Term
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Definition
| males have an extra Y chromosome, leading to extra aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to metabolize phenylalanine. can result in mental retardation or hyperactivity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| study of the influence of heredity and environment on differences in traits and development |
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Term
| passive genotype-environment |
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Definition
| exist when biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child with an emphasis on their own interests |
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Term
| evocative genotype-environment |
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Definition
| correlations that exist when a child's behavior create a certain environment |
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Term
| active genotype-environment |
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Definition
| when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating |
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Term
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Definition
| complex behaviors can be genetically predisposed |
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Term
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Definition
| Gottlieb. development is result of ongoing, bi-directional interchange btwn heredity and environment |
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Term
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Definition
| first two weeks of prenatal development |
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Term
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Definition
| prenatal dev. btwn 2-8 wks. support systems for the cells form and organs appear |
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Term
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Definition
| organ formation during first 2 months of prenatal dev. |
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Term
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Definition
| 7 month development starting 2 months after conception. |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cells that handle info processing at the cellular level |
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Term
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Definition
| agents that can potentially cause birth defects |
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Term
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Definition
| Dr. Dick-Read- minimize mother's pain by informing her about childbirth and relaxation techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| Dr. Lamaze- education, relaxation and special breathing techniquesto control pushing in final stages of labor |
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Term
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Definition
| method of assessing the health of newborns including heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color and reflexes |
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Term
| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assesment Scale (NBAS) |
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Definition
| given within 24-36 hrs of birth to assess neurological dev. reflexes and reactions to people |
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Term
| Neonatal Intesive Care Unit Network Neurobehaviorial Scale (NNNS) |
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Definition
| more comprehensive analysis of newborn's behavior, neurological and stress responses and regulatory capacities |
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Term
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Definition
| infants weighing less than 5.5 pounds |
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Term
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Definition
| born 3 weeks of more before the pregnancy has reached full term |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of a close connection, especially a physical bond btwn parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence in which the fastest growth occurs at the top(the head) with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence in which growth start at the center of the body and moves toward the exremities |
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Term
| growth hormone deficiency |
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Definition
| the absence or deficiency of growth hormones produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate body growth |
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Term
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Definition
| a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes during early adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| the main class of male sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| the main class of female sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| involves hormonal changes in the adrenal glands, which are located just above the kidneys. These changes occr from about 6-9 yrs of age before what we generally consider to be the beginning of puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| involves sexual maturation and development of reproductive maturity. This period follows adrenarche by about two years and is what most people think of as puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| a girl's first menstrual period |
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Term
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Definition
| a boy's first ejaculation of semen |
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Term
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Definition
| the midlife transition in which fertility declines |
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Term
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Definition
| the time in middle age, usually in the late 40s or early 50s, when a woman's menstrual periods cease |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath that increases the speed and efficiency of info processing |
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Term
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Definition
| specialization of function in one hemisphere or the other of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| a large bundle of axon fibers that connects the brain's left and right hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| the highest level of the frontal lobes that is involved in erasoning, decision making, and self-control |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the brain's limbic system that is the seat of emotions such as anger |
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Term
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Definition
| the generation of new neurons |
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Term
| sudden infant death syndrom (SIDS) |
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Definition
| condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and suddenly dies without an apparent cause |
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Term
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Definition
| the upper boundary of life, the maximum number of years an individual can live. humans=120 yrs |
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Term
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Definition
| leonards hayflick's theory that the maximum number of times human cells can divide is about 75-80. as we age, out cells have less capability to divide. |
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Term
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Definition
| a microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because when their cells metabolize energy, they generate waste that indicates unstable oxygen molecules, known as free radicals, that damage DNA and other cellular structures |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria, tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for functioin, growth, and repair |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that agging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders characterized by slow onset and long duration |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop. women are especially vulnerable |
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Term
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Definition
| a global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, eventually, physical function |
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Term
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Definition
| an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation |
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Term
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Definition
| an eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| sustained activity that stimulates heart and lung functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory proposed by Esther Thelen that seeks to explain how infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting |
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Term
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Definition
| Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control |
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Term
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Definition
| a newborn's reaction that occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked. in response, the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched, in an apparent effort to find something to suck |
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Term
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Definition
| a newborn's reaction of automatically sucking an object placed in its mouth. enables infant to get nourishment before it has associated the nipple with food |
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Term
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Definition
| startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement. when startled, the newborn arches it back, throws its head back, and plings out its arms and legs, then rapidly closes arms and legs |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when something touches and infant's palms. response=grasping tightly |
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Term
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Definition
| large-muscle activities, such as walking |
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Term
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Definition
| involve finely tuned movements, such as any activity that requires finger dexterity |
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Definition
| reaction that occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| interpretation of sensation |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed by the Gibsons that people directly perceive information in the world around them. Perception brings people in contact with the environment in order to interact with it and adapt to it |
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Term
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Definition
| opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities |
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Term
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Definition
| developed by Franz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased responsiveness to a stinulus after repeated presentation of the stumulus |
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Term
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Definition
| recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| recognition that an pbject remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes |
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Term
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Definition
| recognition that an object remains the same even though its orientation to us changes |
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Term
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Definition
| the eye's ability to focus and maintain an image on the retnia |
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Term
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Definition
| a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes visoion to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| vision problem in the elderly that involved deterioration of the macula of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to integrate information about 2 or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing |
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