Term
| Mononucleotides are joined by what bond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of a mononucleotide in RNA? |
|
Definition
| A ribose sugar is attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous bases |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
|
Definition
| 1) Ribosome attaches to mRNA and reads each codon 2) tRNA molecule attaches to the codon which matches its anticodon 3) This then repeats and the amino acid held by each tRNA forms a peptide bond 4) tRNA leaves the mRNA and amino acid |
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|
Term
| What is the effect of ethanol on cell membrane? |
|
Definition
Ethanol increases permeability
Dissolves phospholipids
Allows more molecules to enter in/out |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? |
|
Definition
Unsaturated have a double bond
Unsaturated therefore have kinks meaning weaker intermolecular forces |
|
|
Term
| What muscle is found in the walls of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Valves that control blood flow between heart chambers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deoxygenated blood transported to the lungs in the...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Backflow of blood in the heart is prevented by...? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Differences between artery, vein and capillary |
|
Definition
Arterty - Narrow lumen, thick collagen, elastic wall
Vein - Wide lumen, less collagen
Capillaries - One cell thick, small lumens |
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Term
|
Definition
| Drugs that reduce blood clotting |
|
|
Term
| How do anticoagulants help reduce CVD? |
|
Definition
| It helps prevent the blocking of arteries especially the coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| What is the main side effect of anticoagulants? |
|
Definition
| Excessive bleeding (Even internally) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Mass in Kg / (height in metres)^2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the units for BMI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does fibre help reduce CVD? |
|
Definition
| Fibre when consumed binds to LDL cholesterol and removes it by taking it through the digestive tract. This means LDL won't build up as much in arteries |
|
|
Term
| What is the consequence of a low fat diet? |
|
Definition
Fat soluble vitamins won't be dissolved
No insulation
Reduces HDL |
|
|
Term
| How will a mutation result in a faulty enzyme? |
|
Definition
The sequence of bases in DNA will change
Changing primary structure
The different amino acid will have a different residual group
The way in which this different residual group reacts with others in a polypeptide chain will determine a proteins shape
The active site of an enzyme may change which won't allow in the specific substrate to be altered |
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|
Term
| Why is the permeability of oxygen the same in both phospholipid bilayer and cell surface membrane? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen is simply diffused through both as the molecules are small enough |
|
|
Term
| Why is the permeability of chloride ions the different in both phospholipid bilayer and cell surface membrane? |
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Definition
| Chloride ions are charged and cannot diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer (Hydrophillic to hydrophillic head) however in cell surface channel proteins allow the facillitated diffusion of ions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a cell fragment that releases thromboplastin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that turns fibrinogen into fibrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clot in artery near the brain
Reduced blood flow
Lack of oxygen and glucose
Cells can't respire
No energy to function the brain |
|
|
Term
| How to reduce chances of stroke |
|
Definition
1. less saturated fat / less cholesterol
2. less salt
3. moderate alcohol
4. Increase activity
5. reduce stress
6. reduce smoking
7. reduce body weight |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of a cell membrane |
|
Definition
Phospholipid bilayer arranged with hydrophobic middle(tail) hydrophillic bottom/top (head).
Proteins in membrane some can move some stationary
Glyoproteins/Glycolipids
Cholesterol within the membrane |
|
|
Term
| What makes a molecule able to diffuse? |
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Definition
| Small, non-polar, lipid soluble, recognized by protein receptors |
|
|
Term
| What is needed in active transport? |
|
Definition
| ATP energy AND protein channels/carriers |
|
|
Term
| Name the chemical that can be used to measure the vitamin C content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are lungs made for rapid gas exchange? |
|
Definition
alveoli one cell thick
capillaries one cell thick
alveoli covered in capillaries
short diffusion distance
increases surface area |
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|
Term
|
Definition
A triplet of bases on tRNA
Complementary to codon on mRNA |
|
|
Term
| What is different about tRNA? |
|
Definition
tRNA has a folded shape
tRNA has a fixed length
tRNA is a short chain |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of a ribosome? |
|
Definition
Contains RNA
And Protein
Has 2 sub-units
Binding site to accept RNA
20-30nm |
|
|
Term
| What bonds hold 2 strands of DNA together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pyrimidine bases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can a mutation occur in translation? |
|
Definition
| mRNA has different codons |
|
|
Term
| What causes inherited disorders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA replication causes what? |
|
Definition
| A cell to divide and creates an exact copy |
|
|
Term
| What happens in semi-conservative replication? |
|
Definition
DNA is unzipped via helicase
Free nucleotides line up and new hydrogen bonds are made
DNA Polymerase links the nucleotide strands |
|
|
Term
| What is the basis of semi-conservative replication? |
|
Definition
| Each DNA molecule contains one "old" strand and one "new" strand |
|
|
Term
| What is the basis of conservative replication? |
|
Definition
| One new DNA molecule & one old DNA molecule |
|
|
Term
| What is the basis of dispersive replication? |
|
Definition
| Old DNA is chopped up and mixed with new DNA |
|
|
Term
| How is a mistake in replication created? |
|
Definition
| As a new strand of DNA is being built an incorrect base may slip into place |
|
|
Term
| What is another term for a mistake in replication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is an inherited disorder created? |
|
Definition
| A gene mutation in cell division of gametes (meiosis) |
|
|
Term
| What causes sickle cell anaemia? |
|
Definition
Mutation on haemoglobin
mRNA codon is produced wrong |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of sickle cell anaemia? |
|
Definition
Less oxygen soluble RBC
RBC have distorted shapes which cause them to get "lodged" together |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cystic fibrosis mutation? |
|
Definition
| DF508 mutation which causes the deletion of 3 nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of the DF508 mutation? |
|
Definition
| Causes CFTR protein channel to not open or reduce the numbers of chloride ions to pass through |
|
|
Term
| Monohybrid inheritance is controlled by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? |
|
Definition
| 23 pairs (each pair has one from mum and another from dad) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alternative form of a gene |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a homozygous genotype? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The alleles that a person possesses |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a heterozygous genotype? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An observable characteristic determined by a genotype |
|
|
Term
| The cardiac cycle consists of three stages which are: |
|
Definition
| Atrial Systole, Ventricular Systole and Diastole |
|
|
Term
| What happens in atrial systole? |
|
Definition
| The atria contract and the ventricles relax. Plus the atrioventricular valves open. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in ventricular systole? |
|
Definition
| Semilunar valves open as oxygenated blood is forced out of the heart through the aorta to the body and through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| How is mRNA made in transcription? |
|
Definition
| DNA Molecule unwinds and strands are split Then RNA mononucleotides line up against a lone strand, complementary bases pair between DNA and mononucleotides. The nucleotides join together by condesation to form phosphodiester bonds. The enzymes responsible for this is DNA Helicase, RNA Polymerase, DNA ligase. mRNA then detaches from the DNA. |
|
|
Term
| State two ways which tRNA differs from mRNA: |
|
Definition
tRNA is folded (and
mRNA is {straight /
unfolded}) / eq ;
tRNA has hydrogen
bonds (holding the
structure together)
(but the mRNA does
not / eq) ;
tRNA is a fixed {size
/ length} (but mRNA
{is not / length
depends on size of
gene}) / eq ;
tRNA has an
anticodon (but
mRNA has codons) ;
tRNA has an amino
acid binding site ; |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of a cell membrane |
|
Definition
Phospholipid bilayer arranged with hydrophobic middle(tail) hydrophillic bottom/top (head).
Proteins in membrane some can move some stationary
Glyoproteins/Glycolipids
Cholesterol within the membrane |
|
|
Term
| In an experiment the heart from a chicken embryo was removed and placed in a glucose solution. Why is glucose needed? |
|
Definition
| The glucose provides the substrate needed for respiration, this will provide energy for the heart to contract. |
|
|
Term
| Suggest one ethical issue in the use of embryos: |
|
Definition
(embryo) {is a
vertebrate / feels pain / will
die / cannot give consent) |
|
|
Term
| Explain a test to measure the effect of caffeine on the heart of daphnia. |
|
Definition
1. details of method to
limit movement of
Daphnia ;
2. reference to
determining base
heart rate (in absence
of caffeine) ;
3. reference to use of
range of caffeine
concentrations ;
4. acclimatisation of
Daphnia (in each
solution) / eq ;
5. details of method to
determine heart rate;
6. repeats / replicates ;
7. Named control
variable e.g. {source
/ size / age / type /
eq} of Daphnia,
temperature, pH ; |
|
|
Term
| Explain how the structure of the aorta relates to its function |
|
Definition
| The aorta has a thick wall with lots of collagen.So that it can avoid rupture, when there due to high pressure. Elastic fibres to control flow of blood. Smooth endothelial wall to reduce friction. Semi lunar valve to stop back flow. Large lumen, to accommodate blood. Plus branches to supply blood to different parts of the body. |
|
|
Term
| Differences between artery, vein and capillary |
|
Definition
Arterty - Narrow lumen, thick collagen, elastic wall
Vein - Wide lumen, less collagen
Capillaries - One cell thick, small lumens |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of starch. |
|
Definition
Plants store glucose in the form of starch.Starch can be separated into two fractions-amylose and amylopectin. Natural starches are mixtures of amylose (10-20%) and amylopectin (80-90%) Starch is a polymer of glucose molecules. It consists of a mixture of 2 polysaccharides:
25% amylose - about 2000 glucose residues are linked by the alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage. It is unbranched and forms a helix.
75% amylopectin - branched chains about 100000 glucose units. Glucose is joined by the alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage and at branched points the alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkages occur. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the term catalyst? |
|
Definition
| A catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction without being changed. It also lowers activation energy and does not change the products. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the term hydrolysis? |
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis breaks glycosidic bonds via the use of water. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the term casual relationship? |
|
Definition
Idea that a change in
one variable directly
results in the change of
another variable |
|
|
Term
Describe how amino acids join together to form the three-dimensional
structure of a protein |
|
Definition
| Peptide bonds form between amino acids linking one amino group to a carboxyl group. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain caused by bonding is the primary structure. Once the primary structure is folded it is held by disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, VdW's and ionic bonds between R-groups. This creates a 3-D shape. |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences in structure of HDL and LDL? |
|
Definition
HDL is smaller.
HDL contains more protein
HDL contains less cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| How do you reduce the amount of cholesterol in your body? |
|
Definition
Consume low cholesterol, low saturated fatty foods.
Consume foods with more fibre.
Use statins
More exercise |
|
|
Term
State two factors, other than obesity, high blood pressure and high blood
cholesterol, that increase the risk of CVD. |
|
Definition
(being) male
increase in age
lack of exercise / inactivity
smoking
genetics
high alcohol consumption
high salt diet
high saturated fat intake
stress
diabetes |
|
|
Term
| Explain the meaning of the term recessive genetic disorder. |
|
Definition
| The disorder results from a defect in genes. Both defective alleles need to be present (homozygous) |
|
|
Term
| How is gene therapy carried out? |
|
Definition
| A normal gene is isolated and inserted via genetic engineered virus and placed into target cells. The normal gene is transcribed and translated, fuctioning proteins produced in target cells. The treatment must be continuous for it to work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They increase the volume of urine and decrease blood volume and pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of diuretics? |
|
Definition
| Dizziness, nausea, muscle cramps |
|
|
Term
| What do beta blockers do? |
|
Definition
| Block response of the heart to hormones to make contractions less frequent and less powerful |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of beta blockers? |
|
Definition
| Possible link with diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What do ACE inhibitors do? |
|
Definition
| Blocks production of angiotensin blocking the enzyme reduces atrial constriction and lowers blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| cough, dizziness, impaired kidney function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower cholesterol by stopping enzymes in the liver which creates cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of statins? |
|
Definition
| muscle aches, nausea, constipation, diarrhoea |
|
|
Term
| What do platelet inhibitory drugs do? |
|
Definition
| Make platelets less sticky |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of platelet inhibitory drugs? |
|
Definition
| Irritates the stomach lining and causes stomach bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They increase the volume of urine and decrease blood volume and pressure |
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|
