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Definition
| environment influences on development |
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Definition
| experiment needs to be repeated with different participants |
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Term
| science of human development |
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Definition
| seeks to understand how and why people change over time, includes all people and growth is a complex phenomenon |
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Definition
| based on scientific method, generate hypothesis, test, collect, analyze and present data |
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Definition
| based on observations and experiments, 5 steps, research must be replicated to become accepted |
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Definition
| influence of heritable genes (biology) |
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Definition
| time when a process/stimuli must occur to avoid atypical development |
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Definition
| certain process is most likely to develop and occurs most easily (may happen later but often not as well) |
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Definition
| group defined by the shared age of its members, born about the same time and moves through life together experiencing same historical events |
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| socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Definition
| person’s position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, residence area |
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Definition
| people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture and religion |
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Definition
| group of people who are regarded by themselves or by others as distinct by physical appearace |
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Definition
| method of testing a hypothesis watching and recording participants behavior in a systematic and objective manner-in a natural setting, lab |
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Definition
| determines cause and effect relationship between 2 variables by manipulating one and then observing and recording the ensuing changes in the other |
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Definition
| introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable |
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Definition
| variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds, it depends on the independent |
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Definition
| info collected from a large number of people by interviews, written questions |
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Definition
| compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics |
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Definition
| same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed |
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| cross-sequential research |
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Definition
| first study several groups of people of different ages and then follow those groups over the years. |
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Term
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Definition
| between +1.0 and -1.0 indicates the degree of relationship between two variables expressed in terms of the likelihood that one variable will occur when the other does or does not |
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Definition
| set of moral principles that members of a profession or group are expected to follow |
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Definition
| proposes that irrational and unconscious needs and motives that originate in childhood underlie human behavior |
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Definition
| in opposition to psychoanalytic theory-psych should only examine observable behavior not irrational drives and unconscious urges |
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Definition
| stimulus response—process of linking responses to stimuli |
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Definition
| Pavlov's experiments, association between a neutral stimulus and meaningful stimulus respond to neutral as if meaningful |
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Definition
| behaviors elicit consequences, rewards and punishments |
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Definition
| perpetuates adaptive behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| learn from observing other people, Modeling=people observe and replicate behaviors, observed behaviors become copied behaviors |
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Definition
| people observe and replicate behaviors when observer is uncertain or inexperienced |
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Definition
| belief that changing self and environment depends on own actions |
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Definition
| thoughts and expectations influence behaviors |
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Definition
| a state of mental balance |
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Definition
| the reinterpretation of new experiences to fit into old ideas |
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Definition
| the restructuring of old ideas to include new experiences |
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Definition
| a perspective that compares human thnking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data including sensory input, connections, stored memories and output |
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Term
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Definition
| dynamic interactions in social and cultural-history context |
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Term
| apprenticeship in thinking |
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Definition
| Vygotsky’s term for how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by older and more skilled members of society. |
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Term
| Zone of Proximal Development |
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Definition
| skills concepts that learner is closer to acquiring but cannot master without help, must avoid both overly easy and hard |
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Definition
| the inherent potential of all humans, people cannot meet potential if childhood needs unmet, people should appreciate one another without conditions |
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Term
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| the chemical composition of the molecules that contain the genes and are chemical instruction |
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Definition
| one of the 46 molecules of DNA that virtually each cell of the human body contains and that contains all the genes |
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Definition
| a small section of a chromosome, basic unit for the transmission of heredity |
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Definition
| a variation that makes a gene different is some way from other genes for the same characteristics. Many genes never vary others have several possible alleles |
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Definition
| the full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species. |
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Definition
| the single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum. |
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Term
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Definition
| a reproductive cell that is a sperm or ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a gamete from the other sex to make a zygote |
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Definition
| an organisms entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential |
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Definition
| referring to two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code. most gene pairs are this |
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Definition
| referring to two genes of one pair that differ in some way. Typically one allele has only a few base pairs that differ from the other member of the pair |
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Definition
| identical twins coming from the same egg |
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Definition
| fraternal twins coming from two separate eggs and sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| the observable characteristics of a person including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental factors that affect genes and genetic expression, enhancing, halting or altering the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype |
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Term
| dominant-recessive pattern |
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Definition
| the interaction of the alleles that the influence of one allele (the dominant) has more than the other (recessive) |
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Term
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Definition
| statistic that indicates what percentage of the variation in a particular trait within a particular pop. In a particular context and era, can be traced to genes |
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Term
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Definition
| consultation and testing by trained experts that enable individuals to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful condition that might pass along to any children they may conceive. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| formless mass of cells becomes a distinct being, basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs, develop |
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Term
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Definition
| after conception until birth, fetus gains about 7lbs. organs become more mature, gradually able to function on their own |
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Definition
| 10 days after conception and developing organism burrows into the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| developing human organism from about the third through the eighth week after conception |
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Term
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Definition
| developing human organism from the start of the ninth week until birth |
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Definition
| age when fetus may survive outside the mother’s uterus if specialized medical care is available. |
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Term
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Definition
| assessment of baby on the breathing scale from 0-2 |
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Term
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Definition
| agents and conditions including viruses, drugs, and chemicals that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death. |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation which a certain teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level |
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Term
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| a women’s child having birth defects when they drink during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| a body weight at birth of less than 5.5lbs. |
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Term
| Very low birth weight (VLBW) |
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Definition
| body weight less than 3lbs. |
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Term
| Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) |
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Definition
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Term
| Small for Gestational Age (SGA) |
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Definition
| baby whose birth weight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception |
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Term
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Definition
| an unlearned, involuntary action or movement that responds to a stimulus without conscious thought |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers |
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Definition
| the strong, loving connection that forms as parentshold, examine and feed their newborn |
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Term
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Definition
| biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition affects body growth, brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling and sensing involve the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons |
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Term
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Definition
| the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| the great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that occurs in an infant’s brain during the first two years of life. |
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Term
| experience expectant brain functions |
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Definition
| brain functions that require certain basic common experiences which an infant can be expected to have in order to develop normally |
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Term
| experience dependent brain functions |
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Definition
| brain functions that depend on particular variable experiences and that therefore may or may not develop in particular infant |
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Term
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Definition
| area at front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning and impulse control |
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Term
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Definition
| inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit, literally to return to sitting or standing upright, after being tipped over, people of all ages have self-righting impulses, for emotional as well as physical imbalance |
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Term
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Definition
| the response of a sensory system when it detects a stimulus |
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Definition
| mental processing of sensory info when the brain interprets a sensation in cortex |
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Definition
| physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping |
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Definition
| physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers such as drawing |
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Term
| sensorimotor intelligence |
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Definition
| piaget’s term for the way infants think-by using their senses and motor skills-during the first period of cognitive development |
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Term
| primary circular reactions |
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Definition
| involving infant’s own body, infant senses motion, sucking, noise and other stimuli and tries to understand them |
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Term
| secondary circular reactions |
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Definition
| involving people and objects, respond to other people, to toys and to any other object they can touch or move |
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Term
| tertiary circular reactions |
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Definition
| involving active exploration and experimentation infants explore a range of new activities varying their responses as a way of learning about the world |
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Term
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Definition
| the realization that objects still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched or heard |
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Term
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Definition
| an infant first perceives something that someone else does and then performs the same action a few hours or even days later |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| an opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person place, or object in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| experimental apparatus that gives an illusion of a sudden drop-off between one horizontal surface and another |
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Term
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Definition
| principle of infant perception, consisting of an innate attraction to other humans, which is evident in visual, auditory, tactile and other preferences |
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Term
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Definition
| the high-pitched, simplified and repetitive way adults speak to infants |
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Definition
| the extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba begins 6-9mon |
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Term
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Definition
| a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden increase in an infant’s vocab especially in the number of nouns about 18 months |
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Term
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Definition
| word order, verb forms, and so on that languages use to communicate ideas |
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Definition
| infant’s expression of concern when a stranger appears |
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Term
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Definition
| an infant’s distress when a familiar leaves 9-14 months |
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Term
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Definition
| one’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind and actions are separate from those of other people |
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Term
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Definition
| inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity and self-regulation, originates from genes and prenatal development and is affected by early experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context, including family, school and community |
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Term
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Definition
| Erikson’s first psychosocial crisis. Infants learn basic trust if their basic needs are met. |
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Term
| autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
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Definition
| Erikson’s second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that is accomplished by observing others, both what they do and how other people react to that behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby with frequent holding and touching |
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Term
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Definition
| caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby providing toys, food and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching |
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Term
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Definition
| a coordinated, rapid and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant. |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Ainsworth, an affectional tie that an infant forms with a caregiver-a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time |
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Term
| secure attachment (Type B) |
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Definition
| a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver |
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Term
| insecure-avoidant attachment (Type A) |
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Definition
| pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return |
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Term
| insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment (Type C) |
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Definition
| pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contacts on reunion |
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Term
| disorganized attachment (Type D) |
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Definition
| attachment that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return |
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Term
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Definition
| laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infant’s reactions to stress in eight episodes, lasting three minutes |
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Term
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Definition
| seeking info about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions that other person becomes a social reference. |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which axons become coated with myelin, speeding transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them. |
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Term
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Definition
| specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity, left brain controls right side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to persevere in, or stick to one thought or action for a long time |
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Term
| injury control/harm reduction |
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Definition
| practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random |
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Definition
| actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease or abuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian |
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Term
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Definition
| immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability |
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Term
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Definition
| intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 yrs. Of age |
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Term
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Definition
| deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional or sexual well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational or emotional needs |
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Term
| preoperational intelligence |
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Definition
| cognitive development 2-6 yrs includes language and imagination but not logical, operational thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| a young child focuses on one idea, excluding all others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term child tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective. |
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Term
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Definition
| child ignores all attributes that are not apparent |
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Term
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Definition
| child thinks that nothing changes, whatever is now has always been and always will be. |
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Term
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Definition
| child thinks that nothing can be undone, a thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of substance remains the same even when its appearance changes. |
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Definition
| belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive. |
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Definition
| process which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations. |
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Term
| zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
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Definition
| Vygotsky’s term for the skills-cognitive and physical-that a person can exercise only with assistance not yet independently |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process |
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Term
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Definition
| internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves |
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Definition
| person’s theory of what other people might be thinking. And child needs to realize that others think differently than they do |
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Definition
| speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which child learns new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning |
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Definition
| application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur making the language seem more “regular” than it actually is. |
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Definition
| ability to control when and how emotions are expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| Erikson’s 3rd psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them. |
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Term
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Definition
| person’s understanding of who he or she is, in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality and various traits |
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Term
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Definition
| a drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person such as the need to feel smart or competent |
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Term
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Definition
| drive, or reason to pursue a goal that arises from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person’s esteem |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty with emotion regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one’s emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless. |
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Definition
| play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting but in which there is no intent to harm. |
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Term
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Definition
| pretend play in which child acts out various roles and themes in stories that they create. |
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Term
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Definition
| approach that has high behavioral standards, strict punishment and little communication. |
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Definition
| high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance or control |
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Term
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Definition
| parents set limits but listen to child and are flexible |
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Term
| neglectful/uninvolved parenting |
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Definition
| parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their child’s lives |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one’s own. |
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Definition
| feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person |
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Definition
| feelings and actions that are helpful and kind but are of no obvious benefit to oneself |
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Definition
| feelings and actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person |
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Definition
| behavior that hurts someone else because the aggressor wants to get or keep a possession or a privilege |
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Term
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Definition
| impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical |
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Term
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Definition
| nonphysical acts, insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people |
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Term
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Definition
| unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves. |
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