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| theories proposing that developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behavior |
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| in Freud's theory, the part of the personality that comprises a person's basic sexual and aggressive impulses; it contains the libido and motivates a person to seek pleasure and avoid pain |
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| according to Freud, the thinking element of personality |
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| Freud's term for the part of personality that is the moral judge |
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| Freud's five stages of personality development through which children move in a fixed sequence determined by maturation; the libido is centered in a different body part in each stage |
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| Erikson's eight stages, or crises, of personality development in which inner instincts interact with outer cultural and social demands to shape personality |
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| the view that defines development in terms of behavior changes caused by environmental influences |
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| theories asserting that development results from an accumulation of experiences |
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| learning that results from the association of stimuli |
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| learning to repeat of stop behaviors because of their consequences |
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| anything that follows a behavior and causes it to be repeated |
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| anything that follows a behavior and causes it to stop |
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| the gradual elimination of a behavior through repeated nonreinforcement. |
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| learning that results from seeing a model reinforced or punished for a behavior |
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| theories that emphasize mental processes in development such as logic and memory |
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| in Piaget's theory, an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to use in a specific circumstance |
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| the process of using a scheme to make sense of an event or experience |
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| changing a scheme as a result of some new information |
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| the process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the environment |
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| Vygotsky's view that complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than in an individual's private explorations |
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| information-processing theory |
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| a theoretical perspective that uses the computer as a model to explain how the mind manages information |
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| an approach that uses information-processing principles to explain the developmental stages identified by Piaget |
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| the study of the role of heredity in individual differences |
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| a perspective on development that emphasizes genetically determined survival behaviors presumed to have evolved through natural selection. |
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| the study of society using the methods and concepts of biology; when used by developmentalists, an approach that emphasizes genes that aid group survival |
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| Brontenbrenner's theory that explains development in terms of relationships between individuals and their environments, or interconnected contexts |
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| the use of multiple theoretical perspectives to explain and study human development |
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| theorist who developed a model of the interactive contexts in which children develop |
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