Term
|
Definition
| chemical substances in foods that are used by the body for growth and health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| access at all times to a sufficient supply of safe, nutritious foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limited or uncertain availability of safe, nutritious foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a unit of measure of the amount of energy supplied by food. Also known as kilocalorie or "large calorie" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances required for growth and health that cannot be produced (in sufficient amounts) by the body and must be obtained from diet (carbs, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrients required for growth and health that can be produced by the body from other components of the diet |
|
|
Term
| Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) |
|
Definition
| general term used for new nutrient intake standards for healthy people |
|
|
Term
| Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) |
|
Definition
| levels of essential nutrient intake judged to be adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people while decreasing risk of certain chronic diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "tentative" RDAs, based on less conclusive scientific information than are the RDAs |
|
|
Term
| Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) |
|
Definition
| nutrient intake values estimated to meet requirements of half of healthy individuals in a group, used to assess adequacy of intakes of population groups |
|
|
Term
| Tolerable Upper Intale Levels (ULs) |
|
Definition
| upper limits of nutrient intake compatible with health, do not reflect desired levels of intake, represent total, daily levels of nutrient intake from food, fortified foods, and supplements that should not be exceeded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scientifically agreed-upon standards for daily intakes of nutrients from diet developed for use on nutrition labels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the plant form of stored carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the animal form of stored carobyhydrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which cell membranes have a reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin an normal is required to transport a given amount of glucose into cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to the body's inability to use insulin normally, produce enough insulin, or both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the extent to which blood glucose is raisedby a 50-gram portion of a carbohydrate-containing food compared to 50 grams of glucose or white bread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "building blocks" of protein, contain nitrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease syndrome in children, primarily caused by protein deficiency, generally characterized by edema (swelling), loss of muscle mass, fatty liver, rough skin, discoloration of hair, growth retardation, and apathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fat-soluble components of fats in foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a component of fats that is soluble in water, converted to glucose in body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| components of fat that are a required part of the diet (i.e. linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid), contain unsaturated fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of physiologically active substances derived from essential fatty acids, present in ny tissues and perform such functions as constriction or dilation of blood vessels, and stimulation of smooth muscles and uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biologically active substances produced by blood vessel walls that inhibit platelet aggregation (and therefore blood clotting), constrict blood vessels, and increase blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biologically active substances produced by blood vessel walls that inhibit platelet aggregation (and therefore blood clotting), dilate blood vessels and reduce blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fats in which adjacent carbons in one or more fatty acids are linked by single bonds only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fats in which adjacent carbons in one or more fatty acids are linked by one or more double bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fats in which only one pair of adjacent carbons in one or more of its fatty acids is linked by a double bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fats in which more than one pair of adjacent carbons in one or more of its fatty acids are linked by two or more double bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fat soluble, colorless liquid found in animals but not plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical substances that activate enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the chemical changes that take place in the body. The conversion of glucose to energy or body fat is an example of a metabolic process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical substances that prevent or repair damage to cells caused by exposure to oxidizing agents such as oxygen, ozone and smoke and to other oxidizing agents normally produced in the body. Many different antioxidants are found in foods; some are made by the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (phyto = plants) chemical substances in plants, some of which affect body processes in humans that may benefit health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constancy of the internal environment. The balance of fluids, nutrients, gases, temperature, and other conditions needed to ensure ongoing, proper functioning of cells and therefore all parts of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poor nutrition resulting from an excess or lack of calories or nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malnutrition that results directly from inadequate or excessive dietary intake or nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malnutrition that results from a condition (e.g. surgical procedure, medication use) rather than primarily from dietary intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of nutrient-gene interactions and the effects of these interactions on health, also called nutritional genomics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a very rare disorder caused by the lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which causes phenylalanine, an essential amino acid, to build up in the blood, which leads to mental retardation, poor growth, and other problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an intestinal malabsorption caused by an inherited intolerance to gluten. Also called "nontropical sprue" and "gluten enteropathy" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder that occurs due to a genetic deficiency of a protein that helps regulate iron absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foods that contain relatively high amounts of nutrients compared to their caloric value |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foods that provide an excess of calories relative to their nutrient content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally taken to mean food, fortified food, and enhanced food products that may have health benefits beyond the effects of essential nutrients they contain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| certain fiberlike forms of indigestible carboyhydrates that support the growth of beneficial bacteria in the lower intestine, nicknamed "intestinal fertilizer" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strains of lactobacillus and bifidobacteria that have beneficial effects on the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the science of measuring the human body and its parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous assessment of nutritional status for the purpose of detecting changes in trend or distribution in order to initiate corrective measures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assessment of dietary or nutrition status at intermittent times with the aim of detecting charges in the dietary or nutritional status of a population |
|
|
Term
| National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) |
|
Definition
| assess dietary intake, health and nutritional status in a sample of 5000 people of all ages on a yearly basis, it oversamples low-income individuals |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System |
|
Definition
| identifies self-reported dietary behaviors, nutritional knowledge, and health status of thousands of adults by telephone interview |
|
|
Term
| Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) |
|
Definition
| estimates food and nutrient intake and understanding of diet and health relationships among a national sample of individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ongoing assessment of levels of various pesticides, contaminants, and nutrients in foods and diets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological inability to bear children after 1 year of unprotected sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological ability to bear children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally defined as the loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. Also called spontaneous abortion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of ductless glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes, that produces secretions that affect body functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having to do with the immune system and its functions in protecting the body from bacterial, viral, fungal, or other infections and from foreign proteins (i.e., those proteins that differ from proteins normally found in the body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced level of fertility characterized by unusually long time to conception (over 12 months) or repeated, early pregnancy losses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period in life during which humans become biologically capable of reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eggs of the female produced and stored within the ovaries (singular = ovum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cessation of the menstrual cycle and reproductive capacity in females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approximately 4-week interval in which hormones direct a buildup of blood and nutrient stores within the wall of the uterus and ovum maturation and release. If the ovum is fertilized by a sperm, the stored blood and nutrients are used to support the growth of the fertilized ovum. If fertilization does not occur, they are released from the uterine wall over a period of 3 to 7 days. The period of blood flow is called the menses, or the menstrual blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. It is connected to the hypothalamus and produces and secretes growth hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone, and other hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
|
Definition
| secreted by the hypothalamus when stimulated by estrogen. Causes pituitary gland to release the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing protein |
|
|
Term
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
| prompts the growth and maturation of 6-20 follicles, or capsules in the surface of the ovary in which ova mature. Also stimulates the production of estrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (corpus = body, luteum = yellow) a tissue about 12 mm in diameter formed from the follicle that contained the ovum prior to its release. It produces estrogen and progesterone. The "yellow body" derivation comes from the accumulation of lipid precursors of these hormones in the corpus luteum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of physiologically active substances derived from the essential fatty acids. They are present in many tissues and perform such functions as the constriction or dilation of blood vessels, and stimulation of smooth muscles and the uterus |
|
|
Term
| Hormones that Affect Reproduction |
|
Definition
| GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| types of steroid hormones produced in the testes, ovaries, and adrenal cortex from cholesterol. Some androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone) stimulate development and functioning of male sex organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissues on top of the testes that store sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rich in zinc and fructose |
|
|
Term
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) |
|
Definition
| a general term applied to infections of the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. Occurs predominantly in young women and is generally caused by infection with a sexually transmitted disease, such as gonorrhea or chlamydia or with intrauterine device (IUD) use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in abnormal locations, such as deep within the uterine wall, in the ovary or elsewhere. Painful & associated with abnormal menstrual cycles and infertility of 30-40% of affected women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein secreted by fat cells that, by binding to specific receptor sites in the hypothalamus, decreases appetite, increases energy expenditure, and stimulates gonadotropin secretion. Leptin levels are elevated by high and reduced by low levels of body fat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kg/m^2. <18.5 - underweight, 18.5-24.9 - normal weight, 25-29.9 - overweight, 30+ - obesity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absence of menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| menstrual cycle in which ovulation does not occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition caused by ingestion of high amounts of carotenoids (or carotenes) from plant foods, in which the skin turns yellowish orange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a congenital abnormality in which testes are small and firm, legs abnormally long, and intelligence generally subnormal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrophy or reduced development of testes or ovaries. Results in immature development of secondary sexual characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a muscular sac containing the testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the developing organism from conception to 8 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the developing organism from 8 weeks until birth |
|
|
Term
| Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) |
|
Definition
| Spina bifida and other malformations of the neural tube. Defects result from incomplete formation of the neural tube during the first month after contraception |
|
|
