Term
| How are fungi related to animals and plants? |
|
Definition
| Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants. They are heterotrophic and share a unicellular flagellated ancestor. |
|
|
Term
| How do fungi gain nutrients? |
|
Definition
| They secrete enzymes into the environment and to penetrate host cells. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the parts of a fungus. |
|
Definition
hyphae: filaments for nutrient absorbtion
mycelium: mass of hyphae, typically underground.
fruiting body: spore-releasing reproductive structure. |
|
|
Term
| The two types of hyphae are septate and coenocytic. What is the difference between the two? |
|
Definition
Septate hyphae contain cross-walls dividing them into cells. Pores in the walls allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei to flow from cell to cell.
Coenocytic hyphae are essentially one long cell with a ton of nuclei. |
|
|
Term
| What trait does fungi share with arthropods? With plants? |
|
Definition
With arthropods-cell walls strengthened by chitin.
With plants-cells have both cell membrane and cell walls. |
|
|
Term
| Why do hyphae lengthen rapidly? |
|
Definition
| The structure of the hyphae allows cytoplasmic streaming, quickly and efficiently transporting materials so the fungi does not need to manufacture them. |
|
|
Term
| Describe haustoria (a specialized type of hyphae). |
|
Definition
| hyphae that can penetrate a host cell's cell wall but will not penetrate the membrane. May be either parasitic or mutualistic. |
|
|
Term
| How do fungi reproduce asexually (hint: 2 ways). |
|
Definition
Mold, a type of filamentous fungi, may produce through haploid spores (mitosis).
Unicellular yeasts may reproduce through cell division or budding.
Some fungi can do either method (in addition to sexual reproduction sometimes). |
|
|
Term
| Draw the sexual reproduction cycle for fungi. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does heterokaryotic mean? |
|
Definition
| A stage in fungi reproduction in which the cytoplasm has fused but not the nuclei, creating a single cell with two nuclei. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fusion of cytoplasm of cells from two individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by two parents. |
|
|
Term
| When are fungi likely to reproduce sexually? |
|
Definition
1. If two genetically distinct mycelia are near each other.
2. If the environment becomes stressful (allows for genetic recombination and thus evolution) |
|
|
Term
| From what algal lineage are plants thought to descend? |
|
Definition
| Archaeplastida (red and green algae), specifically green algae. |
|
|
Term
| What organisms are brown and golden algae (Chromalveolates) related to? |
|
Definition
| diatoms & dinoflagellates |
|
|
Term
| How did red and green algae originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is primary endosymbiosis? |
|
Definition
| Occurs when a heterotrphic eukaryote engulfs cyanobacteria, allowing the eukaryote to photosynthesize. |
|
|
Term
| Which lineage of algae appears to have come from secondary endosymbiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is secondary endosymbiosis? |
|
Definition
| red algae (already undergone primary endosymbiosis) is engulfed by a eukaryote. |
|
|
Term
| In alternation of generations, what is the difference between the gametophyte and sporophyte generations? |
|
Definition
Gametophyte: haploid (1n); haploid gametes produced through mitosis.
Sporophyte: diploid (2n); produces haploid spores by meiosis. |
|
|
Term
| Draw a generalized life cycle for alternation of generations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants descend from green algae. What characteristics do they share? |
|
Definition
1. chloroplasts with alpha and beta chlorphyll
2. cell walls containing cellulose |
|
|
Term
| What are some advantages to making biofuels with green algae? |
|
Definition
1. carbon-neutral and renewable
2. can be domestically grown
3. fast-growing and space/energy efficient
4. by-products are useful |
|
|
Term
| What are the two key characteristics of land plants? |
|
Definition
1. alternation of generations
2. multicellular, dependent embryo |
|
|
Term
| Why is the embryo of land plants considered dependent (think of the tissue surrounding seeds)? |
|
Definition
| embryo is retained within tissue of female gametophyte |
|
|
Term
| What is the apical meristem? |
|
Definition
| Localized region of undifferentiated cell division at tips of roots and shoots. Allows for specialization above and below ground. |
|
|
Term
| What does the sporangia do? How has this helped plants colonize land? |
|
Definition
| The sporangia produces walled spores. It is a key part of the sporophyte generation. Part of this is preventing the spores from drying out and is a major reason why plants were able to move to land. |
|
|
Term
| What is the gametangia? How does it differ in male vs. female (in terms of name and what they produce?)? |
|
Definition
The gametangia is a multicellular organ for producing gametes.It is part of the gametophyte generation.
Male gametangia are called antheridia and produce sperm.
Female gametangia are called archaegonia and produces eggs. |
|
|
Term
| What are the bryophytes and why are they considered nonvascular? |
|
Definition
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
Nonvascular because they have no vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms? |
|
Definition
Gymnosperms-naked seeds, no ovaries (seeds not enclosed in chambers
Angiosperms-flowering, seed mature in ovaries. |
|
|
Term
| In bryophytes life cycles, what is considered the dominant generation? |
|
Definition
| Gametophytes. Sporophytes may only be present part of the time and generally do not last very long. |
|
|
Term
| How are bryophytes limited? |
|
Definition
1. They lack both thick tissues (for structural support) and vascular tissue, so they can't get very tall.
2. They require water for fertilization, so they must remain in wet environments. |
|
|
Term
| Why is peat (as in peat moss) so important to our atmosphere? |
|
Definition
| Peat bogs contain 30% of earth's soil carbon despite only covering 3% of earth's land surface. When they are heavily destroyed, the carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 traits of the seedless vascular plants that make them different from the bryophytes? |
|
Definition
1. sporophyte dominant
2. vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) with lignin
3. well-developed roots and leaves
4. well-developed cuticle (waxy coating on leaves) |
|
|
Term
| Why were seedless vascular plants able to grow tall? |
|
Definition
| Vascular tissue contains lignin, which strengthens the plant structurally. This allowed them to grow taller. The height gave them competitive advantage so they were better able to spread spores and access sunlight. |
|
|
Term
| How are seedless vascular plants similar to bryophtes? |
|
Definition
| Both have flagellated sperm and require water for fertilization. |
|
|
Term
| What does the gametophyte generation of seedless vascular plants typically look like? |
|
Definition
| tiny heart-shaped organism near soil surface; simultaneous hermaphrodites. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between heterospory and homospory? |
|
Definition
Heterospores produce both male (microspores) and female(megaspores) spores.
Homospores produce one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte. |
|
|
Term
| Are most seedless vascular plants homosporous or heterosporous? What about most seed plants? |
|
Definition
seedless-homosporous
seed-heterosporous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A modified leaf that bears sporangia. |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics and advantages to reduced gametophyte generations in seed plants? |
|
Definition
Characteristics:
1. gametophyte multicellular but mostly microscopic.
2. gametophyte develops within the sporangia.
Advantages:
1. provides protection from UV and drying out (dessication)
2. allows embryo to recieve nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| What is the microsporangium and where is it in angiosperms and gymnosperms? |
|
Definition
male gamete-producing structure
gymnosperms-inside the pollen cone
angiosperms-inside anther |
|
|
Term
| What is the megasporangium and where is it in angiosperms and gymnosperms? |
|
Definition
female gamete-producing structure
gymnosperms-inside ovulate cone
angiosperms- ovules |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the ovule of an angiosperm? |
|
Definition
| megasporangium + haploid megaspore + integument (diploid) |
|
|
Term
| What is the integument and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| protective sporophyte tissue surrounding the megasporangium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cone-shaped cluster of sporophylls |
|
|
Term
| Pollen cones are ___ and ovulate cones are ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male gametophyte surrounded by thin layer of sporophyte tissue to protect it. develops from microspore. |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the benefits to pollen? |
|
Definition
1. gametophyte is protected.
2. needs less water than seedless plants.
3. can be dispensed much farther (as by wind or animals. |
|
|
Term
| What is the food supply from in gymnosperms? |
|
Definition
| 1n female gametophyte tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of a seed? |
|
Definition
| embryo, food supply, and protective coat. |
|
|
Term
| In gymnosperms, where are the seeds? |
|
Definition
| The seeds are exposed on sporophylls that form cones (strobili) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two key adaptations in angiosperms and what are they for? |
|
Definition
flowers-sexual reproduction
fruit-(usually) a mature ovary |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of modified leaves in angiosperms and what are their functions? |
|
Definition
Stamen: produces pollen on the anther
Carpel: produces ovules; consists of the stigma, style, and ovary
sepal: encloses flower
Petal: attracts pollinators |
|
|
Term
| How does double fertilization occur? What does the product of double fertilization become? |
|
Definition
| In double fertilization, 1 pollen grain fertilizes the egg cell and the other fertilizes the central cell, making it 3n (as the central cell already has two neuclei). The fertilized central cell becomes the endosperm, which acts as a food source for the seed. |
|
|
Term
| What are some properties of wind-pollinated angiosperms? |
|
Definition
| male flowers generally higher up, grow in larger populations and produce lots of pollen, have long stigma & style |
|
|
Term
| What tissue type does the apical meristem form? |
|
Definition
| ground, vascular, and dermal (it is undifferentiated) |
|
|
Term
| What type of growth does apical meristems contribute to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of growth does the lateral meristem contribute to? |
|
Definition
| secondary growth (thickness) |
|
|
Term
| Where can lateral meristem be found? |
|
Definition
| in cylinders along stems & roots |
|
|
Term
| Where does the lateral meristem come from? |
|
Definition
| dedifferentiated parenchyma |
|
|
Term
| How thick is the lateral meristem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the root cap? |
|
Definition
| to protect the apical meristem at the tip of the root |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 zones of growth in roots, from oldest to youngest? |
|
Definition
| zone of differentiation, zone of elongation, zone of cell division |
|
|
Term
| What does the leaf primordial do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why don't axillary bud meristems immediately begin branching off? |
|
Definition
| The nearby apical bud releases a hormone to prevent this. |
|
|
Term
| Where are intercalary meristems found and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| monocots, responsible for primary growth. Growth is very rapid. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the apical meristem usually located in grasses and why? |
|
Definition
| close to ground level for grazing |
|
|
Term
| What is the vascular cambium? |
|
Definition
| secondary xylem and phloem |
|
|
Term
| What type of vascular cambium contributes the most to wood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cork cambium? |
|
Definition
| secondary dermal tissue (periderm); must be constantly dedifferentiated |
|
|
Term
| What is the bark made of? |
|
Definition
| secondary phloem and layers of periderm |
|
|
Term
| What are cotyledons? How do they differ in monocots vs. dicots? |
|
Definition
| Cotyledons are embryonic or "seed" leaves. Monocots have 1 and dicots have 2. |
|
|
Term
| Give two differences between monocots and eudicots. |
|
Definition
Leaf veins: in monocots, parallel; in eudicots, branched
Flower parts: in monocots, multiples of 3; in eudicots, multiples of 4 or 5. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of roots? |
|
Definition
1. anchor plant to soil
2. absorb minerals and water |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of root systems and which types of plants typically display them? |
|
Definition
1. Taproot: eudicots & gymnosperms
2. Fibrous: most monocots |
|
|
Term
| What does a taproot look like? Where did it come from? |
|
Definition
| Taproots consist of a main vertical root with lateral roots branching off. These are developed from the embryonic root. |
|
|
Term
| What does a fibrous root look like? Where did it come from? |
|
Definition
| The fibrous root is a mat of roots close to the soil's surface. It is considered an adventitious root as it comes from stems and/or leaves, not the embryonic root (this just goes away) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two functions of stems (other than transport of materials)? |
|
Definition
1. raise leaves for sunlight
2. raise reproductive structures for dispersal of pollen/seeds |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of leaves? |
|
Definition
|
|
